Gulliksen, Tor H.

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Matematisk Seminar Universitetet i Oslo Notes on the homology of local rings. by Tor rloltedahl Gulliksen. Nr. 9 November 1966. Notes on the homology of local rings by Tor Holtedahl Gulliksen. Introduction. Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring with unit, and let ~ and Q be ideals in 1. In ((7)) Tate has shown that t~ere always exists a fri resolution X of R;~ such that X is a differentj_al graded algebra over R. It is shown that TorR(R;~,R/Q) has a canonical structure as a graded algebra over R;~+Q. Now let R be a local ring. Put k = Rim· The numbers p=0,1,2,··· are called the Be±±i-numbers of R. We define a formal power series B(R) 00 = 2::: b (R)zP p=O p In ({7)) Tate gave a lower bound for B(R) of a non-regular local ring R: R non-regular~ B(R) >> (1+Z)n 1-Z2 ' where n = d . m1 2 lffik - .ill • There also exists upper bounds for B(R) (Serre). There are only a few cases in which one are able to calculate B(R). It is known (Tate, Assmus) that - 2 -( 1 ) B(R) (1+Z)n - if and only if 2 n-Dim R (1-Z ) R is a "complete intersection 1', defined in (2.1). Scheja proved in ( ( 6)) that (2) codim R ~ n-2 => B(R) is a rational function. It is still an open question if B(R) is generally rational. In section 1 of the present paper we shall use a technique very similar to one used by Tate in ((7)) to establish some useful algebra isomorphisms concerning TorR(k,k). As a consequence, using a certain characterization of regular rings, we prove that the sequence { bp ( R )} of a non-regular ring R is monotonely increasing. We find that {bp(R)} is bounded if and only if codim R = dimk ~/m2-1. We also extend a result of Scheja concerning the change of the homology when the ring is divided by a non-zerodivisor t not in F£2 • In section 2 we give a somewhat new proof of the Scheja theorem (2). In section 3 we propose a classification of local rings R based upon considerations on R-algebras which are acyclic after adjunction of a finite set of variables. In the present paper all rings considered will be local, Noetherian. All modules will be unitary. - 3 -Notations. ,...,. Rings will be denoted by R,R,R', ideals by ~,£,£,ill· The radical of an ideal a is denoted by rad a. If R is a local ring, ill R field /m, and denotes its maximal ideal, k denotes the A R denotes the ill-adic completion of R. Dim R denotes the dimension of R. If M is a R-module, l(M) denotes its length. If M is a vectorspace dim(M) is its dimension. For convenience we define n{R) = dimill/m2 • If T is a graded algebra, we let T[Zr] denote the algebra of polynomials in an indeterminate Zr of degree r. 1 • The term 11 R-algebra" will be used in the sense of ( ( 7)) i.e. differential, graded, strict commutative, connected algebras over R, with unit, such that the homogenous components are finitely generated modules over R, which are trivial in negative degrees. The R-algebra obtained by adjoining a variable I of degree w to kill a cycle t of degree w-1, we denote by X(T);dT = t. We write deg T = w. The adjunction of T leads to an exact couple and a long homology sequence, cf. ({7)), the latter being referred to as - 4 -the exact homology sequence associated with the adjunction of T. Lemma 1 .1. Let t 1 , ••• ,tn be elements in R which build a minimal generating system for m. Let a~ (t 1 , ••• ,tn_ 1 ). Then if a is a non-prime ideal in R, it is ~-primary. Proof. Assume that a is non-prime, then R/,2. is a non-regular ring. Hence R R Dim /,2. ( n( /,2.) ~ 1 so DimR/,2. ~ o. Q.E.D. Lemma 1 .2. Let codim R = c. Then there exists a minimal generating system t 1 , ••• ,tn of ill such that t 1 , ••• ,tc is a maximal R-sequence. If m contains a non-zerodivisor, then a lemma of Murthy ((3)) shows that there exists a non-zerodivisor I 2 ( t E ill' t<f ill • Using this' lemma 1 .2) is easily proved by t induction on codim R. Q.E.D. £r-opos i tio'l 1. 3. R is a non-regular local ring if and only if there exists a minimal generating system t 1 , ••• ,tn for m, and a positive integer m such that ( 1 ) - 5 -Proof. If R is regular, obviously no minimal generating system of m can satisfy (1). Now assume that R is non-regular. Since for every ideal Q in R, it suffices to show the proposition for 'R. We can therefore assume that R is complete. By a wellknown theorem of I.S. Cohen there exists an epimorphism ~ ~/ ( 2) f R·----?R where R is regular, with maximal ideal £r. We can assume that I"V2 ker f c: !!l , see ((1, § 2)), so that n(R) = n(R). Since R is non-regular, we have ker f ± 0 I • Consequently ker f contains a non--zerodivisor a. Put R'=R/(a). f induces an epimorphism Since codim R' = n-1 there exists by (1 .2) a minimal generating system t1, ••• ,tA for the maximal ideal m' in R' such that t1, .•• ,tA_ 1 is a maximal R'-sequence in m'. From the maximality of this sequence it follows that the ideal is non-prime. By (1 .1)we have that t~ E rad a. Consider the elements t. = f'(t!), i = 1, ••• ,n ). ). - 6 -They are easily seen to build a minimal generating system for m which satisfy (1 ). Q.E.D. Definition 1 .4. Let K(R) denote the set of all R-algebras R ( T1 , ••. , T ) ; dT. = t. n l. l. where t 1 , ••. ,tn runs through the set of all minimal generating systems of ill· From (1.3) follows the well known Corollary 1.5. E E K(R). Then Let R be a non-regular ring and let Proof. Since R is non-regular, let t 1 , .•. ,tn be as in (1 .3) where n = n(R). Construct Since the elements of K(R) are all isomorphic as R-algebras, cf. ((1, § 6)), it is no loss of generality assuming t . n From (1 .3(1)) it follows that the homology modules Hi(E') - 7 -have finite length for all i, so the Euler-Poincare characteristic ;((H(E 1 )) = is defined. We have an exact sequence of complexes ( 1 ) where i is the inclusion map and j is given by j(e+e 1 T) = e 1 • From (1) it follows that X ( H (E) ) = X (t-I ( E I ) ) -/C( H ( E I ) ) = 0. Observe that TorR(R;~,R/Q) equipped with a trivial Q.E.D. differential, can be regarded as an R-algebra, so that the algebrc. is defined. Theorem 1.6. Let R be a local ring. Let t 1 , ••• ,tn_1 ,t be a minimal generating system for m. Let a= (t1 , ••. ,tn_1 ). Then we have one of the following canonical isomorphisms of graded algebras (i) If ~ is a prime ideal then ( 1 ) - 8 -where z1 is an indeterminate of degree 1. (ii) If a is non-prime then where deg T = 1 and deg S = 2. In particular if the characteristic of k is zero, the right hand side of (2} is canonically isomorphic (as a graded algebra) to where deg z1 = 1, deg z2 = 2. Proof. Construct the R-algebra Adjoin sufficiently many variables of degree ~ 2 to kill the cycles of positive degrees. In that way one obtains an acyclic R-algebra X' such that H0 (X') == Rl§..· Now put Y == X'(T);dT == t and consider the exact homology sequence associated to the adjunction of T (4) •••-7Hi+1 (X')-7Hi+1 (Y)--=)>Hi(X')-7••• (i == 1) u 1~ 0 0 - 9 -(5) . d ••• ~ rl1 (X' )--?>-H1 (Y) J*\H0 (X') ~ H0 (X' )~H0 (Y) ~0 II Jl I~ II 0 k From (4) we get (c) We observe that d.*O is multiplication by t. If therefore a is a prime ideal, then d is injective. From (5) MO follows H1 (:) = o, so y is acyclic. Tensoring with commutes with the adjunction of T. Therefore we have canonical isomorphisms of algebras TorR(k,k) ~ H(Y®k) R ;::; H(X'@ k{T);dT = t ® 1). R Since t ® 1 = 0 this is further isomorphic to H(X'~ k)(T);dT = 0 R ~TorR(R;~,k) T ;dT = 0. Since deg T = 1 we easily conclude ( i) • then k Now suppose that a is non-prime. By (1.1) a is m-primary. Let m be the least integer such that tm E ~' and let (7) r. E R l Since R;.E. is artinian, it follows that l(Hi (X')) ( 00 for - 10 -all i. Therefore (5) gives ( 8) Let Cl be the homology class of the cycle We will show that u generate H1 (Y). By (8) it suffices to show that cr + o. Looking at the definition of J. *1 in (5) see ((7, § 3)), one finds that j* 1 (~) equals the H (X'). 0 As m is minimally homology class of tm- 1 in chosen, we have tm- 1 Ef ~· Therefore so CT :f 0. • We will show that the R-algebra L = Y(S);dS = s is acyclic. Consider the exact homology sequence associated with the adjunction of s~ ll 0 II 0 II 0 II 0 " 0 By construction H1(L) = 0. From (9) and (6) it follows that it suffices to show that H2 (L) = 0. However, this follows - 11 -from (8) and (10), remembering that H0 (L) = H0 (Y). Therefore we have (11) TorR(k,k)zH(L@k) R ~ H ( x ' ® k (T, s> ; dT = t ® 1 , ds = s ® 1 ) R Again t® 1 = 0. Since t 1 , ••• ,tn_ 1 ,t is lineary inde-it follows from (7) that pendant modulo 2 !I! ' s E mY1 so s ® 1 = o Therefore the adjunction of T and S kommutes with H. (11) gives TorR(k,k) ~ H(X' ® k)<T,S);dT = O,dS = 0 R So (ii) is proved. In the case of characteristic zero one easily finds the isomorphism between (3) and the right hand side of (2). Q.E.o~ Corollary 1 .7. Let a be as in (1.5). ( i ) If a is a prime ideal then (ii) If a is non-prime then b (R) = 'f:_ c., p i=O 1. where - 12 -Corollary 1 .8. Let R be a non-regular local ring. Then ( i) B{R))) (1+Z)n (Tate) 1-Z2 ( ii) The sequence { bp ( R)} is monotonel y inc rea sing .. Proof. Since R is non-regular, there is by (1 .3) a minimal generating system t 1 , •.• ,tn for ill such that tn E rad ~' where ~ = (t1 , ••• ,tn). Therefore (ii) follows from ( 1 • 7 ( i i ) ) • The R-algebra can be regarded as an exterior algebra with differential. It follows from ((5, appendice I)) that j::;l ..... can be imbedded (as a graded resolution of R-module) as a direct factor of a minimal R /~. It follows that ( 1 ) dim Tor. (R/a ,k) ~dim E! ® k 1 - 1 R Now (i) follows from (1) and (1.6 (ii)). Lemma 1 .9. Let t 1 , ••• ,tn_1 ,t be a minimal generating system for m. Assume that t is a non-zerodivisor. Put a = (t1, ••. ,tn-1) and R = R; ( t) • Then we have :.,_:_ ·~.\ canonical isomorphisms of graded algebras: - 13 -( i ) If a is a prime ideal TorR(k,k)-;::, TorR(R/~,k). (ii) If ~ is non-prime TorR(k,k) ~ TorR(R/~,k)(s);dS = 0 where deg S = 2. Proof. Let X be a free R-algebra such that vve have an exact sequence of complexes ( 1 ) t· - X 0--;.X-?>X~X__,. O, where X= /t•X R /~. has a canonical structure as an R-algebra. Consider the exact homology sequence associated with (1) {2) ( 3) . . . 11 0 " 0 H 0 II k We observe that (2) and {3) are analogous to (1 .6 (4) and (5)). If a is prime, then X is acyclic and (i) follows. If ~ is non-prime, Hi(X) has finite length for all i. (3) gives l(H1(x)) = 1, and one finds that H1(X) is generated by a - 14 -slngle homology class cr , represented by a cycle sE mx1 • Similar arguments as used in (1.6) shows that L = x(s);dS = s is acyclic, so TorR(k,k) ~ H(L ~k) ~ H(X® k)(s);dS = O. R R From (1 .6) and (1 .9) now follows Theorem 1 .10o Let t be a non-zerodivisor in a local ring R. Assume that t E m, t ~ m2 • Then we have a canonical isomorphism of graded algebras where Z is an indeterminate of degree 1. In particular B(R) = (1+Z)B(R) (Scheja). Proposition 1.11. The following conditions are equivalent ( i) The sequence { bp ( R) J is bounded (ii) codim R ~ n(R)-1. Proof. We observe that if t is a non-zerodivisor in R such that tE !!ht~!!?, and R = R/(t)' then by ( 1 • 1 0) satisfy (i) (and ( ii) ) if and only if R does. Therefore there is no loss of generality to assume that codim R = 0. R - 15 -That (ii) implies (i) is nearly obvious~ see ((6)), so we show that (i) implies (ii). Assume that codim R < n(R)-1, that is n{R) ~ 2. Let a be as in (1 .6). Since a~ 0, it follows from ((4,9,Theor~m 23)) that By (1 .3) we can assume that a is non-prime. From (1 .7 (ii)) it now follows that [bp(R)} is non-bounded. 2. In this section we make use of the invariants [. = E.(R), i = 1,2,3 l l of a given local ring R. f.. l defined in ((6)). We recall that £i are non-negative integers defined by means of bp(R), p = 1 ,2,3,4. Q.E.D. are Definition 2.1. An R-algebra X is said to be ordinary or an ordinary extension of E if (i) There is an E K{R) such that X has the form - 16 -(ii) 2 f: deg ui ·~ deg ui+1' 1 = 1,2, ..• (iii) dU 1 is a non-boundary in E. dU. 1. is a non-boundary in E < u1 'u2' .•• 'u i -1); dU i = u. 1. for i ~ 2. X is of gegree g if sup deg U. = g. i 1. Lemma 2.2. (Assmus) An ordinary acyclic R-algebra X has the properties ( i) (ii) dX C mX for p -[. equals the number of adjoined variables of degree 1. i+1,i=1,2,3. Proof. (i) is proved in ((2, § 2)). Calculating Tor(k,k) by means of X, one easily proves (ii). Lemma 2.3. Let E E K(R). Then there exists an acyclic R-algebra X which is an ordinary extension of E, such that £1 £.2 z3 (X)C mE3 ES J __ l z 1 (E)S.E};) J_l mV. 1.=1 1. j=1 - J where { Si 1 and tvj} is the sets of adjoined variables of degree 2 and 3. In constructing an ordinary extension of E, it is by ((1 ,2.5)) possible to represent the elements of - 17 -by cycles in z2(E). ' We may therefore assume that dVj E z2 (E). Examining a general element in x3, using (2.2) one finds Q.E.D. Lemma 2.4. If R is complete in its m-topology. Then for every pair (E,M) where E E K(R) and M is a submodule of H1 {E), there exists ( i ) an epimorphism of rings f 1 R 1~ R such that n(R 1 ) = n(R). (ii) a morphism of R1 -algebras 9: El E, where E 1 E K( R 1 ) and Wo = f 1 (iii) cp induces a morphism of graded algebras ~)(: H(E 1 ) _,H(E) such that cp)( 1 : H1 (E 1 )_.;,. H1 (E) is monomorphic with image M. Proof. Since R is complete, let be as in (1 .3 (2)). Let E be defined by E = R(T1 , ••. ,rn>;dTi = ti. Let o-1 , ••• ,<rm be a k-base of M, represented by cycles n s. = L: r~T. J i=1 1 1 j- 1, ••• ,m, where r~ E R. 1 - 18 -elements Nj r-/ ,...... Choose r. and t. in R which are mapped by f l l r~ ,..._; ,.,., to and t .• Let a be the ideal in R generated by l l L: "'j I'V j 1, •.. ,m. r. t. , = . l l l r.l Put Rl = R !§:'. Let g . R-7 R 1 be the canonical map, and . ( 1 ) f 1 : R 1---7- R be the map induced by f. Put E 1 = R 1 (T11 , ••• ,T 1 );dT.' = g(t.) n 1 1 By means of f, E is given R'-algebra structure, and can be identified, as an R 1 -algebra, with E 1 ® R. Now let "R' let ( 2) be defined by CD( e 1 ) = e 1 ® 1 , for e 1 E E 1 • ...L.. dD is easily seen to satisfy (i). Since ..>,. ((1, § 2)) we have dim H1(E') £dim M. On the other hand Mcp~(H1 (E 1 )), so M =qJx(H(E 1 )), and (iii) follows. Q.E.D. Definition 2o5. R is a complete intersection if n(R)-Dim R = E1(R). It should be observed that R is a complete intersection if and only if the completion ~ is. This is by ((6)) - 19 -A equivalent to saying that R can be obtained by dividing a AI /V regular local ring R by a suitable R-sequence. Proposition 2.6. Assume that R is a non-regular ring, such that n(R) 4 2. Let E E K(R). Then (i) if H1(E) 2 = 0 we have ( i I ) B(R) = [. = (E.21 ) and 3 (ii) If H1(E) 2 to, then R is a complete intersection such that Dim R = o. Proof. First assume H1(E) 2 = 0. Consider the R-algebra of (2.3). Since E = 0 for q q ~ 3' we have Therefore the inclusion of (2.3) becomes equality. Applying the functor Tor~(-,k) to this equation, one gets ( 1 ) Since z3 (x) C mX, (1) is also correct for p = 0. Hence (i 1 ). Fiom (2.2) and ((1,2.5)) one obtains dim H (E) 2 /H (E)2 1 - 20 -Therefore we have £ 2 =dim H2 (E) and (i") follows by (1.5). Now assume that H1(E) 2 + 0. Since B(R) = B(g), Ei(R) = [i(R) cf. ((6)), and since we have an algebra-isomorphism H(E) ~ H(E ®R), we may assume that R is R complete. Let a-,,cr2 E. H1 (E) such that o-1 .(}2 * o. Let M the submodule of H1 (E) generated by { ()1 '(T~. be Apply (2.4) to the pair (E,M), and let R',E',f',~'~x be as in (2.4). Since dim H1 ( E' ) :::: dim M = 2, ( 1 • 5) gives (2) dim H2 (E') = 1 i.e. dim 0 .!!!' = 1, where m' is the maximal ideal in R'. Since ( 3) it follows from (2) that ( 4) ') H2 (E') = rl 1 (E')~ i.e. R' is a complete intersection cf. ((1, § 2)). Further (5) Dim.R' = n(R 1 )-c1 (R') = 0. We are going to show that R = R. Assume that kerf' * 0. From (2) and {5) it follows that 0 : m1 is contained in every non-ze:ro ideal in R1 so 0 : .!!! 1 c ker f' • The ref ore = CD( (o .,!.. which is absurd by (3). m 1 ) E') - 2 = f(O "'T m')CD(E') = o - ..... 2 Q.E.D. - 21 -Theorem 2.7 (Scheja). Let R be a non-regular local ring. Assume that codim R ~ n(R)-2. Then B ( R) = where n = n(R) If R is not a complete intersection then E $:' 1 C' = (£21 ) • 2 = c 1- and c 3 Proof. Dividing R by the maximal R-sequence in (1 .2) Scheja shows that it suffices to show the Theorem for rings R such that n(R) ~ 2, in which case (2.6) and the formula (1) in the introduction give the sufficient information. Q.E.D. 3. We now restrict ourselves to those local rings R whose residue class fields k are of ~aracteristic p ~ O. We give a few results, without proofs, on the following classi-fication: Definition 3.1. Let g1 be the class of regular local rings. For each i ~ 2 define Ci is the class of rings R which satisfy - 22 -(i) There is an acyclic R-algebra X which is ordinary of degree i. ( ii) Ref gg for q < i. The elements of g1 U g2 are exactly the complete intersections. Observe that if for some i' then B(R) has a radius of convergence ~ 1. By (2.7) rings R such that codim R ~ n(R)-2, escape _the above classification unless they are complete intersections. Remembering characteristic k = p t O, one can prove Proposition 3.2. of the form Let E E K(R), and let X be an extension deg U. being arbitrary. Then the homology algebra H(X) is l nilpotent, that is every homology class of positive degree is nilpotent. Using (3.2) one can show Proposition 3.3. g2i+1 is empty for i = 1 ,2,3, ••• To show that c3 is empty, we need no restriction on the characteristic. - 23 -Proposition 3.4. If RE c. for some i ~ 3, then -l (ii) d . c:m1 __ 1 lm - - .£ each time .£ is generated by a maximal R-sequence in m. The requirements (i) and (ii) seems to be very restrictive. It seems doubtful that the two conditions can be satisfied simultaneously. As an example the Macaulay rings do not even satisfy (i). ( ( 1 ) ) ( ( 2) ) ( ( 3) ) ( ( 4) ) ( ( 5) ) ( ( 6) ) ( ( 7) ) - 24 -References. Assmus, Jr., E. F.: On the homology of local Illinois J.Math. 3' ( 1959) 187-199. II Thesis, Harvard University ( 1958). Murthy, M.P.: A note on the Primbasissatz. Archiv der Math., 12(1961) 425-428. rings. Northcott, D.G.: An introduction to homological algebra. Cambridge University Press. (1962). Serre, J.P.: Algebre Locale. Multiplicites. Springer-Verlag (1965). Scheja, G.~ Bettizahlen lokaler Ringe. Mathematische Annalen 155 (1964) 155-172. Tate, J.: Homology of noetherian rings and local rings. Illinois J.Math. 1(1957) 14-27. Errata p~o1• 1.6 for "ideals in 1" read "ideals in R" p.2, 1.2 for "(2.1)" rea(l 11 (2.5) 11 p.2, 1.13 read "Oodim R '.? dimk yg?-1 p. 4 bottom read "tn m £ ( t 1 , ••• , tn_1 )" p.6, 1.16 for "((1,§6))" read 11 ((7,§6)) 11 p.7, 1.3 for nHi(R')" read "Hi(E')" p.8 bottom for 11 (i = 1)" read "(i ~ 1)" p.9, 1.3 for "i=2" read "i ~ 2" p.9, 1.13 read "TorR(R/a,k) (T); dT = 0 p.10, 1.4 read "s = trn- 1T+r 1T1+ .•• +rn_ 1Tn_ 1E z1(Y) 11 p. 11 , 1.15 for 11 ( 1. 5)" read " ( 1. 6) 11 p • 1 2 , 1. 6 for 11 ( t 1 , • • • , t n ) 11 r e ad " ( t 1 , • • • , t n _ 1 ) " p.12,1.15 for "(1.6(ii))" read "(1.7(ii))" p.15, bottom for "E K(R)" read E E K(R)" p.l6, p. 16' p. 17' 1.2 for "dU. 11 read 11 dU." 1. J 1. 4 read 11E ( U 1 , U 2 , ••• , U j _ 1 ) 1. 11 for 11 <j) : E ' E "read " d) : ...L. dUi = ui for j ~ 2" E' ~ E " 

Notes on the homology of local rings

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