The quest for the "success factors" that drive a company's innovation performance has
attracted a great deal of attention among both practitioners and academics. The underlying
assumption is that certain critical activities impact the innovation performance of the
company or the project. However, the findings of success factor studies lack convergence. It
has been speculated that this may be due to the fact that extant studies have used many
different measures of the dependent variable "innovation performance". Our study is the first
to analyze this issue systematically and empirically: we analyze the extent to which different
conceptualizations of the dependent variable (a firm's innovation performance) lead to
different innovation success factor patterns. In order to do so, we collected data from 234
German firms, including well-established success factors and six alternative measures of
innovation performance. This allowed us to calculate whether or not success factors are robust
to changes in the measurement of the dependent variable. We find that this is not the case:
rather, the choice of the dependent variable makes a huge difference. From this, we draw
important conclusions for future studies aiming to identify the success factors in companies'
innovation performance
