Apple fruit moth, Argyresthia conjugella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae), is the most important

pest of apples in Scandinavia. In years when its primary host, rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.), has little

or no berries for egglaying, female A. conjugella fly into apple orchards to lay their eggs. In some

years the entire apple crop can be destroyed. Volatiles from apples and rowan have been collected

and identified. In GC-EAD tests females have responded to several compounds found in both

rowan and apple. Some of these compounds were used in field trapping tests during 2002, and a

mixture of two compounds trapped significantly more females and males compared to control traps.

However, field trapping results from 2003 indicate that the two-compound blend seem to trap insects

too late in the season to prevent egglaying in apples. Several new compounds were also

tested in 2003, and some of these gave promising results. The results will be discussed in relation

to use attractive plant volatiles as a control method against A. conjugella females

Bengtsson, Marie

Bäckman, Anna-Carin

Jaastad, Gunnhild

Knudsen, Geir K.

Kobro, Sverre

Witzgall, Peter

English

Organic Eprints

1 The Norwegian Crop Research Institute, Ullensvang Research Centre, N-5781 Lofthus, Norway, 2 The Norwegian Crop Research Institute, Plant protection Centre, Høgskolevn. 7, N-1432 Ås, Norway, 3 Departe-ment of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden Attractive plant volatiles as a control method against apple fruit moth  (Argyresthia conjugella Zell.)? Title German Gunnhild Jaastad1, Geir K. Knudsen2, Sverre Kobro2, Anna-Carin Bäckman3, Peter Witzgall3 and Marie Bengtsson3 Abstract Apple fruit moth, Argyresthia conjugella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae), is the most important pest of apples in Scandinavia. In years when its primary host, rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.), has little or no berries for egglaying, female A. conjugella fly into apple orchards to lay their eggs. In some years the entire apple crop can be destroyed. Volatiles from apples and rowan have been collected and  identified.  In  GC-EAD  tests  females  have  responded  to  several  compounds  found  in  both rowan and apple. Some of these compounds were used in field trapping tests during 2002, and a mixture of two compounds trapped significantly more females and males compared to control traps. However, field trapping results from 2003 indicate that the two-compound blend seem to trap in-sects too late in the season to prevent egglaying in apples. Several new compounds were also tested in 2003, and some of these gave promising results. The results will be discussed in relation to use attractive plant volatiles as a control method against A. conjugella females.  Keywords: apple fruit moth, Argyresthia conjugella, plant volatiles, egglaying Introduction: Apple fruit moth (Argyresthia conjugella Zell.) is a serious pest of apple in Fennoscandia (Ahlberg, 1927). Flowering and fruitsetting of rowan is highly variable (Kobro et al., 2003) and in years when its primary host, rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) has little or no berries, the apple fruit moth invades apple orchards and the female moth oviposit on apples (Ahlberg, 1927; Schøyen, 1913). The egg hatches and the larvae bore into the developing fruit. The entire apple crop can be destroyed. There is growing evidence that host-finding in moths is largly guided by secondary plant metabolites (Dethier, 1982; Schoonhoven et al., 1998). Gravid females make the critical host choice prior to and during oviposition, since newly hatched larvae cannot migrate over long distances. Apple and rowan belong to the same subfamily Pomoidea (Rosaceae), and related plants resemble each other also with respect to secondary metobolism (Berenbaum and Seigeler, 1992). The objec-tive of this study was to (1) compare volatiles emitted from apples and rowan, (2) investigate the composition of volatile compounds emitted from these two host plants and the response on A. con-jugella females, (3) investigate the attraction of females to different volatile compounds in field trap-ping tests and (4) investigate the possibility of using attractive plant volatiles as a control method against A. conjugella.     Material and Methods: Insects Archived at http://orgprints.org/14025/  Last-instar larvae of A. conjugella were collected from rowan berries in Southern Norway, and were hibernated outdoor. When adults emerged from mid-June to mid-July, they were sexed daily and kept in Plexiglass cages until the trials. Collection of volatiles  Volatiles were collected from rowan and apples at the optimum phenological stage (after egglaying were expected to start (Kobro, 1988)) by putting freshly cut branches into a 2000-ml Erlenmeyer jar in the laboratory. Charcoal-filtered air was pulled through the jar at 150 ml/min, and over a Porapak Q (75 mg, 80/100 mesh) (Alltech, Deerfield, IL) for 6 to 12 hr. Filters were extracted with 300 µl of redestilled hexane. Glassware was heated to 350° C d uring 10 hr before use. After sample collec-tion, the sample volumes were reduced under a stream of nitrogen to a volume of 20 µl. Samples were sealed in glass capillary tubes and stored at -19° C. Identification of volatiles Chemical identification of compounds in filter extracts was done on a Hewlett Packard 5970 B GC-MS system, with electron impact ionization (70 eV), interfaced with a Hewlett Packard 5890 GC. Helium was used as carrier gas, on a 30 m x 0.25 mm DB-Wax column (J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA), programmed from 40° C (hold 2 min) at 8° C/ min to 230° C (hold 5 min). Compounds were identified by comparison of mass spectra earlier reported from Rosaceae, or available in the com-puter library. Some identifications were confirmed by comparison of GC retention times and spectra with those of known synthetic and purified authentic reference compounds. Detection level was ca. 0.5 ng. Response of A. conjugella to volatiles Field collections were also analysed by GC coupled to electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD; Arn et al., 1975), using a Hewlett Packard 6890 GC with a HP-INNOWax column (30 m x 0.25 mm ID), programmed from 40° C (hold 2 min) at 7° C/min t o 230° C, and at 10° /min to 240° C (hold 5 min). EAD recordings were done with excised apple fruit moth male (n = 5) and female antennae (n = 7) suspended between two saline-filled wells. Antennal signals were amplified and recorded using GC-EAD software (Syntech, Hilversum, The Netherlands). One arm of the split column led into a glass tube (Ø 8 mm), with a charcoal-filtered and humidified air stream (0.5 l/min), the other to the flame ionization detector (FID). Split ratio between FID and EAD was approximately 1:1. Apple fruit moth antennae were 0.5 cm from the end of this glass tube, 30 cm from the EAD-outlet of the GC.  Attraction of A. conjugella to volatiles in field trapping tests Compounds that elicited a reaction in the GC-EAD test was tried out in several field trapping tests in 2002 and 2003. Compounds were applied on red rubber septa and mounted in tetra traps either singly or in combination with several other compounds. Traps were placed in rowan, each combina-tion and replicate was tested for at least one week. The combination that trapped most females in 2002 was tried out as a control method in 4 organic orchards in 2003. Tetra traps with a two-compound blend on red rubber septa was placed along the border of each orchard. Four orchards about 100 m apart from each of the organic orchards (experimental) was used as control orchards. In addition, the same combination of plant volatile compounds was placed in a gradient from forest to apples during the entire season 2003. Results: Several volatile compounds emitted from rowan and apples were found to be identical, and many of these compounds elicited a reaction in female antennae (Figure 1). Archived at http://orgprints.org/14025/   Figure 1. Preliminary results from GC-MS and GC-EAD experiments with volatiles emitted from ap-ples and rowan. Dotted line indicates female response to the compound in GC-EAD.   In 2002 several of the compounds that elicited a reaction in female antennae in the GC-EAD were tested in field trapping tests, from which results from one test is shown here (Figure 2). The other compounds tested did not catch as many females or males as 2-phenyl ethanol and anethol in combination.   0102030405060708090males femalestotal number of moths caught in 5 traps2-phenyl ethanol (1) anethol (2) (1) + (2) control Figure 2. Total number of females and males caught in traps baited with plant volatiles placed in rowan during week 30 in 2002 (n = 5). Different letters indicate significantly different means within one sex (p < 0.05, Tukey’s test).  In 2003, attack in apples was expected to be high according to the prognosis (Edland, 1978). How-ever, only in one of the four experimental (organic) orchards attack in apples was found and simi-larly in only one of the control orchards (Table 1). Very few apple fruit moths were caught in plant volatile traps and pheromone traps (Table 1). Archived at http://orgprints.org/14025/   Table 1. Mean number of A. conjugella caught in pheromone (n = 4) and plant volatile traps (n = 36) placed in four organic orchards in Norway during the season 2003. The attack of A. conjugella lar-vae in apples (% attack in 200 apples) is also shown. Week number  Attack  Orchard number Trap type 26  27  28  29  30  31  32  Exp.  Control Pheromone  .  1.5  1.25  0  0  0  0  1 Plantvolatile  .  0  0.03  0  0  0.03  0 0.05  0 Pheromone  6  2.25  2  1.25  0.5  0  .  2 Plantvolatile  0.03  0.2  0.03  0.14  0  0.03  . 0  0.05 Pheromone  3  3  .  .  2.25  .  .  3 Plantvolatile  0.06  0.14  .  .  0.14  .  . 0  0 Pheromone  .  1.5  0.5  0.5  0  .  .  4 Plantvolatile  .  0.11  0  0  0  .  . 0  0  In the trial where tetra traps with plant volatiles were placed in a gradient from forest to orchard, most females were caught in traps placed in rowan with berries compared to rowan without berries. No  females were caught in traps placed apples (Figure 3). The number of females caught  in-creased after week 27. 00.20.40.60.811.21.41.624 25 26 27 28 29 30 31week numberaverage no of females per traprowan (berries) f rowan (no berries) f apples (close) f apples (distant) fFigure 3. Average number of females caught in traps baited with a blend of 2-phenyl ethanol and anethol placed in a gradient from forest to apple orchard during the season 2003 (n = 10).  In field trapping tests with different volatile compounds in 2003, several new compounds identified from rowan attracted A. conjugella females.  Discussion: Apples and rowan resemble each other with respect to volatiles that are attractive to the apple fruit moth.  Some  of  these  volatiles  are  attractive  to  both  male  and  female  A.  conjugella.  The  two-component  blend of 2-phenyl ethanol and anethol caught significantly more males and females compared to control traps, and it caught more females than males. Despite the very small popula-Archived at http://orgprints.org/14025/  tion of apple fruit moth in 2003, as indicated by low catches in pheromone traps and little damage on apples, the plant volatile traps attracted females in rowan. Figure 3 show that the attraction is time related. According to Kobro (1988) females start egglaying at a summation of approximately 320 daydegrees after full blossom on rowan. In 2003 this was in week 25, and results from both ex-periments with the two-compound blend in 2003 show that the attraction of females increase in week 27. Thus, the two-compound blend might attract females too late to prevent egg laying.  Figure 2 and 3 also show that the two-compound blend attracts females in the presence of natural volatiles emitted from rowan. As apple fruit moth has rowan as its primary host, and only attack ap-ples in years when there is a lack of egglaying places in rowan, attractive volatiles might be a con-trol method against this pest. The volatiles used in such a strategy must be more attractive than the natural volatiles emitted from apples. Unpublished data from 2003 indicate that several new com-pounds are attractive to apple fruit moth females. The addition of one or more of these compounds to the two-compound blend might increase the attractivity of the trap and make it more useful as a control method.  Literature Cited Ahlberg, O. 1927. Rönnbärsmalen, Argyresthia conjugella Zell. En redogörelse för undersøkingar åren 1921-1926 (in Swedish with English summary). Meddel nr 324 från Centralantalten för försöksväsendet på jordbruksområdet, Landbruksentomologiska avdelingen, Stockholm Arn, H., Städler, E., and Rausher, S. 1975. The electroantennografic detector – a selective and sensitive tool in the gas chromatographic analysis of insect pheromones. Zeitshrift für Natur-forschung 30c: 722-725 Berenbaum, M. and Seigler, D. 1992. Biochemicals: engineering problems for natural selection, pp. 89-121 in Roitberg, B. D. and Isman, M. B. (Eds.) Insect chemical ecology: an evoulutionary approach. Chapman & Hall, New York Dethier, V. G. 1982. Mechanisms of host plant recognition. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 31: 49 – 56 Edland, T. 1978. Prognosar om angrep av rognebærmøll (Argyresthia conjugella Zell.) på eple (in Norwegian). Gartneryrket 68: 440 – 444 Kobro, S. 1988. Temperaturavhengighet hos rognebærmøll (in Norwegian with English summary). Scandinavian Plant Protection Conference, Växtskyddsrapporter, Jordbruk 53: 115 – 121 Kobro, S., Søreide, L., Djønne, E., Rafoss, T., Jaastad, G. and Witzgall, P. 2003. Masting of rowan Sorbus aucuparia L. and consequances for the apple fruit moth Argyresthia conjugella Zeller. Popul. Ecol. 45: 25 – 30 Schoonhoven, L. M., Jermy, T. and van Loon, J. J. A. 1998. Insect-plant biology: from physiology to evolution. Chapman & Hall, London Schøyen, W. M. 1913. Beretning om skadeinsekter og plantesygdomme i 1891 – 1912 (in Norwegian). Kristiania      Archived at http://orgprints.org/14025/

Attractive plant volatiles as a control method against apple fruit moth (Argyresthia conjugella Zell.)?

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