Growth trials were conducted to evaluate cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) meal as a potential protein source in diets for giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man 1879), reared in tank and lake-based cages. Five isonitrogenous (approximately 37% crude protein) and isocaloric diets were formulated where fish meal (FM) protein was replaced with 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% cowpea meal protein (or CP0, CP15, CP30, CP45, and CP60, respectively). Results of an 8-week tank trial showed that the final body weight (FBW), percent weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and survival of prawns were not significantly influenced by dietary treatments (P > 0.05), although the highest values, except for survival, were observed with CP45. In a lakebased cage trial that lasted for 16 weeks, prawns fed CP30 and CP45 had significantly higher FBW (13.1 and 14.4 g, respectively) compared to other treatment groups (P < 0.05). SGR (4.52 5.00%/ day), survival rates (53-77%), yield (98.5-116.5 g m-2) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; 2.0-2.7) were not affected by increasing levels of cowpea meal in the diets. Based on these results, cowpea meal can be considered as an alternative protein source in diets for M. rosenbergii

Aya, Frolan

Coloso, Relicardo M.

Cuvin-Aralar, Maria Lourdes

English

Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department Institutional Repository (SEAFDEC/AQD Institutional Repository )

PROCEEDINGS   |   International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014#!Potential of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Meal as an Alternative Protein Source in Diets for Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii,de Man 1879) Frolan A. Ayaa*, Maria Lourdes Cuvin-Aralara and Relicardo M. Colosoba Binangonan Freshwater Station, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department, Binangonan, Rizal 1940 Philippinesb Tigbauan Main Station, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department, Tigbauan 5021, Iloilo, Philippines* faya@seafdec.org.phAbstractGrowth trials were conducted to evaluate cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) meal as a potential protein source in diets for giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man 1879), reared in tank and lake-based cages. Five isonitrogenous (approximately 37% crude protein) and isocaloric diets were formulated where fish meal (FM) protein was replaced with 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% cowpea meal protein (or CP0, CP15, CP30, CP45, and CP60, respectively). Results of an 8-week tank trial showed that the final body weight (FBW), percent weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and survival of prawns were not significantly influenced by dietary treatments (P > 0.05), although the highest values, except for survival, were observed with CP45. In a lake-based cage trial that lasted for 16 weeks, prawns fed CP30 and CP45 had significantly higher FBW (13.1 and 14.4 g, respectively) compared to other treatment groups (P < 0.05). SGR (4.52–5.00%/day), survival rates (53-77%), yield (98.5-116.5 g m-2) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; 2.0-2.7) were not affected by increasing levels of cowpea meal in the diets. Based on these results, cowpea meal can be considered as an alternative protein source in diets for M. rosenbergii.Keywords: Vigna unguiculata, giant freshwater prawn, growth, Laguna de BayIntroductionThe giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) is an economically important species for aquaculture in Asian countries such as China, India, Thailand and Malaysia. It is a promising alternative to black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) due to its high market value and relatively low susceptibility to diseases. Presently, in the Philippines, farming of M. rosenbergii in natural inland water bodies such as lakes and reservoirs could be a sustainable option for the growth of aquaculture in lake-shore fish farming communities (Cuvin-Aralar et al., 2007), similar to other well-known species such as bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis, milkfish Chanos chanos and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Farming of this species requires a nutritionally-balanced diet for optimal growth and survival. However, the rising cost of feed hinders profitability of production due to the use of ##expensive protein sources such as fishmeal (McCoy, 1990; Tacon and Metian, 2015). Feed constitutes 40-60% of the operational costs for M. rosenbergii culture (Mitra et al., 2005). Therefore, assessment of locally available sources such as plant proteins for use in feed formulations needs to be tapped and explored.Among the alternative protein sources for fishmeal, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.)) meal has been used to replace fishmeal in crustacean diets because of its high nutritional value and digestibility (Eusebio, 1991; Eusebio and Coloso, 1998; Rivas-Vega et al., 2006). An important legume crop in the Philippines and in other Southeast Asian countries, cowpea seeds are known for their crude protein content of 23–26%, high levels of essential amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan and digestible energy. Likewise, the successful use of V. unguiculata has been reported for tilapia feeding (Keembiyehetty and de Silva, 1993; Olvera-Novoa et al., 1997). The present study evaluated the response of M. rosenbergii to diets containing cowpea meal (Vigna unguiculata).Materials and MethodsExperimental DietsThe chemical composition of Vigna unguiculata is shown in Table 1. Five experimental diets were formulated by replacing 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% of the FM protein with cowpea meal (CP0, CP15, CP30, CP45 and CP60). All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (approximately 37% dietary protein) and isocaloric. The experimental diets were tested in both tank and lake-based feeding trials.Feeding trialsTank trialFifteen day-old postlarvae (0.029 ± 0.008 g mean weight) were stocked in 60-l polyethylene tanks at 15 prawns per tank and acclimatized for one week prior to actual feeding trial. Tanks were half-filled with freshwater which was maintained throughout the experiment. Tanks were provided with nets as substrates where PLTable 1. Proximate composition (% dry matter) of cowpea meal Vigna unguiculata. *Nitrogen Free ExtractContributed PapersPROCEEDINGS   |   International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014#adhered after feeding. Experimental diets were fed at 20–30% of estimated biomass three times daily at 0800, 1300, and 1600 h for an eight-week period. Each diet treatment was replicated thrice. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH ranged from 26.3–28.4°C, 5.62–8.88 mg L-1 and 8.6–9.4, respectively during the rearing period.Lake-based cage trialPostlarvae (PL20) were stocked in hapa net cages (L × W × H: 2 × 2 × 1.5 m) in Laguna de Bay with 15 shrimps m-2 (0.04 ± 0.01 g body weight) and three replicate cages per treatment. Each cage was provided with two used A-nets (mesh size: 2 mm2; dimension: 0.5 × 2.0 m) as shelters and suspended horizontally inside each cage. The prawns were fed experimental diets once daily (0900h) at 10, 8, 6 and 4% of estimated biomass for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th month of culture (Millamena and Trińo, 1997). Total length, individual weight, weight gain and survival were monitored monthly. Production parameters such as final weight, percent weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival were used to evaluate the acceptability of cowpea meal in diets for M. rosenbergii.Water quality was monitored inside the cages between 0800 and 0900 hours for the duration of the experiment. DO levels ranged from 3.47–6.95 mg L-1 and temperature was noted between 25.8–28.4°C. pH readings varied from 7.5–8.4 during the trial period.Data analysisThe results for growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test when significant differences were detected. Survival data were arcsine transformed prior to statistical analysis. All statistical tests were performed using the Number Cruncher Statistical System (NCSS 07.1.4 version) 2007 Software (Hintze, 2007).ResultsTank trialThe results for survival and growth after an eight-week tank trial are shown in Table 2. The experimental diet CP45 gave the highest mean weight, percent weight gain and SGR, but there were no differences among treatments (P > 0.05). However, a gradual decrease in growth performance was observed at CP60. Survival rates ranged from 83 (CP45) to 93% (CP15) and no significant difference was detected among treatments.Lake-based TrialFBW ranged from 10.1 to 14.4 g with significantly higher FBW at CP30 and CP45 compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). SGR (4.52–5.00%/day) and survival rates (53.4–77.2%) did not differ significantly among treatments. The experimental diet CP60 gave the best survival rates but the poorest FBW and SGR among the experimental diets. Production ranged from 98.5 g m-2 (CP0) to 116.2 g m-2 (CP60) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between 2.00 (CP30) and 2.72 (CP60). No significant differences were found among treatment means for yield and FCR (Table 3).#Table 2. Growth and survival parameters monitored in Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae fed diets with varying levels of cowpea Vigna unguiculata meal for 8 weeks during the tank trial.FBW = final body weight, SGR = specific growth rateInitial prawn weight, 0.029 ± 0.008 g; 1SGR = (ln wtfinal – ln wtinitial)/days of culture × 100Survival = actual count at harvest/initial stock × 100Column means followed by different letter superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05Table 3. Production parameters for Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed diets with varying levels of cowpea Vigna uinguiculata meal for 16 weeks during the lake-based cage trial.Column means followed by different letter superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05DiscussionThe present study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of Vigna unguiculata as an alternative protein source in diets for M. rosenbergii. Based on chemical composition, cowpea meal has a high nutritional value (23% crude protein). Likewise, the nitrogen free-extract (NFE) or the carbohydrate content of V. unguiculata showed that it can be an excellent source of energy in crustacean diets.In terms of biological performance, results of the tank study indicated that the growth performance of M. rosenbergii PL fed the control diet was inferior to prawn fed cowpea meal-based diets. SGR, in particular, was comparable to or even higher than the findings of Du and Niu (2003) who achieved an SGR of 2.5% day-1 when soybean meal was used to replace FM in diets for the same species. Growth performance improved with increasing levels of cowpea meal protein, but the Contributed PapersPROCEEDINGS   |   International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014#best results were obtained at 30 to 45% substitution. However, the inclusion above 45% resulted in diminished performance in terms of mean FBW, suggesting that mixing of cowpea meal with low levels of FM protein may have contributed to the slower growth of M. rosenbergii PL. Cowpea meal contains several inherent anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor which may interfere with feed utilization. This however, may not be the case as the trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in the cowpea meal ranged from 23.7–31.6 TIU/mg protein as reported by Ologhobo and Fetuga (1984) and Rivas-Vega et al., (2006) and even lower than those reported for soybean meal (106 TIU/mg of sample) (Kakade et al., 1974), suggesting minimal impacts of any trypsin inhibition. On the other hand, while analysis of essential amino acids (EAAs) of experimental diets have not been determined, high inclusion level of cowpea meal at 60% is likely to be limiting in EAAs such as methionine and has resulted in poor growth . Survival rates (83–93%) of M. rosenbergii PL in the present tank study were comparable to or slightly lower than those reported by Roy et al., (2009).Similar trends in growth were also observed in the lake-based feeding trial with cowpea meal-based diets performing better than the control diet (CP0), which has FM and shrimp meal (Acetes sp.) as protein sources. M. rosenbergii are omnivore species which can efficiently digest both plants and animal protein sources (Ashmore et al., 1985). This explains the best growth performance at CP45 experimental diet in this study. However, the mean weights of the prawns fed the best performing diet (CP45; 14.4 g) after 120 days are considerably lower than those obtained by Cuvin-Aralar et al., (2007) for similar stocking density (15 prawns m-2; the mean weight after 150 days is 26.3 g), but comparable with the mean sizes at higher stocking density (90 prawns m-2; the mean weight at harvest is 14.3 g). Differences in the final size or weight at harvest were attributed to the initial size of PLs used at the start of the experiment (0.04 g, this study vs. 0.40 g in Cuvin-Aralar et al., (2007). Nevertheless, SGRs obtained in the present study (4.52–5.00% d-1) were considerably higher than those obtained by Cuvin-Aralar et al., (2007) (2.68–3.02% d-1) and Ghosh et al., (2010) (3.55–3.75% d-1).The better survival of prawns in cages at CP60 (77.2%) followed by CP15 (62.8%) and CP0 (62.2%) has resulted to smaller size of prawns at harvest (10.1, 10.65 and 11.1 g for CP60, CP0 and CP15, respectively). Conversely, the relatively lower survival at CP30 (55.0%) and CP45 (53.4%) produced larger prawns (13.1–14.4 g), which were comparable to or even higher than those obtained by Cuvin-Aralar et al., (2007), who reported survival rates ranging from 36.9–55.3%. Lower survival rates achieved in these diets maybe attributed to heterogeneous individual growth (HIG), possible entry of predators and competitors inside the experimental cages, and cannibalism (Ranjeet and Kurup, 2002; FAO, 2002; Cuvin-Aralar et al., 2007). Nonetheless, FCRs obtained in the present study were comparable to those reported in other studies (FAO, 2002; Cuvin-Aralar et al., 2007). Shrimp production varied from 98.5 to 116.2 g m-2, which is generally higher than those reported in pond culture in Asian countries such as India (12–45 g m-2) (Ghosh et al., 2010).In summary, the present study shows the potential of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) meal as an alternative protein source in diets for M. rosenbergii. Cowpea meal can replace FM at 30–45% inclusion level with no #adverse effects on growth and production of this species reared under laboratory and lake-based conditions.AcknowledgementsThis study was funded by the Government of Japan Trust Fund under study code FD-08-C2010B. The authors are grateful to MN Santos, MN Corpuz, VS Nillasca and NB Olorvida for their assistance in the conduct of this study.ReferencesAshmore SB, Standby RW, Moore LB and Malecha SR. 1985. Effect on growth and apparent digestibility of diets varying in gram source and protein level in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Journal of the World Mariculture Society 16: 205-216.Cuvin-Aralar MLA, Aralar EV, Laron MA and Rosario W. 2007. Culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) in experimental cages in a freshwater eutrophic lake at different stocking densities. Aquaculture Research 38: 288-294.Du L and Niu CJ. 2003. Effects of dietary substitution of soya bean meal for fish meal on consumption, growth, and metabolism of juvenile giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture Nutrition 9: 139-143.Eusebio PS. 1991. Effect of dehulling on the nutritive value of some leguminous seeds as protein sources for tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, juveniles. Aquaculture 99: 297-308.Eusebio PS and Coloso RM. 1998. Evaluation of leguminous seed meals and leaf meals as plant protein sources in diets for juvenile Penaeus indicus. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 50: 47-54.FAO. 2002. Farming of Freshwater Prawns: A Manual for the culture of the giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 428. Food and Agriculture Oragnization, Rome, Italy.Ghosh R, Banerjee K, Homechaudhuri S and Mitra A. 2010. Effect of formulated feeds on the growth and water quality of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming: A case study from Gangetic Delta. 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Potential of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) meal as an alternative protein source in diets for giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, de Man 1879)

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Potential of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) meal as an alternative protein source in diets for giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, de Man 1879)

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