To date, a few operational efforts have been launched by the FAA to mitigate wildlife strikes away from the airport jurisdiction, and those do not include actions by general aviation (GA) pilots. This presentation explores the safety training of GA pilots using aeronautical decision-making concepts as a strategy to mitigate the risk of mishaps due to birds. Previous research, the FAA Serial Report #22, and final reports of GA aircraft accidents due to birds will be covered

Carney, Thomas Q

MENDONCA, FLAVIO COIMBRA, MR

English

Purdue E-Pubs

General Aviation Pilots’ Strategies to Mitigate Bird StrikesFLAVIO A. C.  MENDONCA - Ph.D. THOMAS Q. CARNEY – Ph.D. 3OVERVIEWWildlife Hazards to AviationCase StudySafety Management of Wildlife Hazards to Aviation - PilotsIntroduction3US Airways Flight 1549The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has partnered with the FAA since 1995USDA has assisted the FAA with production of yearly and special reports on wildlife hazardsto aviation:Develop or enhance existing wildlife hazard management programs (including pilots)Create refinements in the development and implementation of integrated research and operational efforts to mitigate the risk of bird strikes.Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards4Some relevant statistics:169,856 wildlife strikes97% - involved birds63% - during the day52% of strikes - between July and October61% - during the arrival phases of flightStrikes above 500 feet AGL                            Higher probability of damage!Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards5Findings:73% (GA) occurred below 500 feet AGL88% within the airport environment (below 1,500 feet AGL)97% below 3,500 feet AGL (the Bird Rich Zone)Analyses of data indicate that for GA aircraft the rate of damaging strikes has not declined since 2000The rate of damaging strikes has increased outside the airport environment!Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards6How can the risk of wildlife strikes be mitigated?Science and/or TechnologyAvian radarFalconryDogs (Border Collies);Laser…Certification StandardsActions by crewmembersSafety Management of Wildlife Hazards7Safety risk management (SRM) process:                   Aeronautical Decision-Making8Hazard identification          First step in the SRM process Hazard identification processes may include: Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)FAA Airport Facility DirectoryAvian Hazard Advisory System (AHAS)FAA Annual Wildlife Hazard Reports…Aeronautical Decision-Making9Safety risk management process – RISK ASSESSMENT                   Aeronautical Decision-Making10The level of aircraft damage and effects on the flight from wildlife strikes are directly related to the kinetic energy (KE) involvedAeronautical Decision-Making11The risk of an engine failure is substantially higher during the departure phases of flight (takeoff/initial climb)Pilots should use speed and flap settings that provide the best angle of climb (Vx)!Birds usually exhibit evasive behavior in response to an approaching aircraftPilots should use the aircraft external lights (where possible) whenever flying in the bird-rich zoneDuring the taxi phase of flight, a moving radar unit may enhance escape response by birds.Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards - Pilots12Birds are more active during dawn and duskIn case of a bird encounter, pilots should pull up, consistent with good flying techniques, to attempt to pass over themIf operationally possible, pilots should heat the windshield during preflight preparationPilots should consider delaying takeoff until birds have been dispersedReport wildlife activities to ATC and other aircraft.Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards - Pilots13On March 4, 2008, about 1515 central standard time, a Cessna 500, N113SH, entered a steep descent and crashed about 2 minutes after takeoff from Wiley Post Airport (PWA) in Oklahoma CityThe pilot, the second pilot, and the three passengers were killedThe airplane was destroyed by impact forces and post-crash fire. Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards – Case Study14Probable cause         airplane wing-structure damage sustained during impact with one or more large birds, which resulted in a loss of control of the airplaneThe FAA Airport Facilities Directory entry for PWA included the remark, “Flocks of birds on [and in the vicinity of] the airport in … all quadrants”.The Bird Avoidance Model (BAM) indicated  a medium-risk of bird strikes in the PWAarea...Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards – Case StudyAmerican White Pelicans 15AVIAN HAZARD ADVISORY SYSTEM (AHAS)The pilot held an ATP certificate with a rating for airplane multi-engine land and type ratings for the CE-500 (Cessna 500), Cessna CE-650 (Citation III), and Learjet airplanes;6,100 total flight hours5,000 pilot-in-command hours668 hours in turbine-powered airplanes.The second pilot held a commercial pilot certificate for airplane single-engine and multi-engine land and instrument airplane1,378 total flight hours1,245 pilot-in-command hours78 hours second-in-command time in turbine-powered airplanes.Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards – Case Study16The flight was cleared for takeoff from runway 17LThe flight crew’s departure clearance was to turn right to a heading of 200° and maintain an initial altitude of 3,000 feet above mean sea level (MSL)Aproximately thirty seconds later, the flight crew reported they were level at 3,000 feet MSLThe aircraft was headed south-southwest at approximately 200 knots when its flight track intersected the flight track of primary returnsThe aircraft entered a rapid descent and crashedSafety Management of Wildlife Hazards – Case Study17Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards – Case Study18Did the pilots know about the risk of bird strikes at PWA airport,  at that time of year, and altitude? If not, why not? If they knew that information, did they have the technical knowledge and skills to mitigate the risk of an accident due to birds? In hindsight, it is reasonable to postulate that with adequate planning and actions by the flight crew, the risk of this deadly aircraft accident due to impacts with birds could have been mitigated. Safety Management of Wildlife Hazards – Case Study19Several factors influence the risk of an accident due to a bird strike, including actions by crewmembersPilots should:Integrate risk management into flight planning for all phases of flightReduce flight time and/or airspeed when flying through the bird-rich zoneUse aircraft external lights while flying in the bird-rich zone to enhance the escape behavior of certain species of birds.Safety Management of Wildlife Strikes to Aviation - Conclusions20Questions22FLAVIO A. C.  MENDONCA - Ph.D. THOMAS Q. CARNEY - Ph.D.Selected References• Anderson, A., Carpenter, D. S., Begier, M. J., Blackwell., B. F., DeVault, T. L., & Shwiff, S. A. (2015). Modeling the cost of bird strikes to US civil aircraft. Journal of Transportation Research, 38, 49-58. • Avrenli, K. A., & Dempsey, B. J. (2014). Statistical analysis of aircraft-bird strikes resulting in engine failure. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2449, 14-23.• Belant, J. L., & Ayers, C. R. (2014). Habitat management to deter wildlife at airports (ACRP Synthesis No. 52). Retrieved from the Transportation Research Board on the National Academies website: http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/170766.aspx • Bernhardt, G., Blackwell, B. F., DeVault, T. L., & Broohl, L. K. (2010). Fatal injuries to birds from collisions with aircraft reveal anti-predator behaviours. The International Journal of Avian Science, 152(4), 830-834. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01043.x • Blackwell, B. F., & Bernhardt, G. E. (2004). Efficacy of aircraft landing lights in stimulating avoidance behavior in birds. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68(3), 725-732. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=icwdm_usdanwrc• Blackwell, B. F., DeVault, T. L., Seamans, T. W., Lima, S. L., Baumhardt, P., & Juricic, E. F. (2012). Exploiting avian vision with aircraft lighting to reduce bird strikes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 758-766. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02165.x• Cleary, E. C., & Dickey, A. (2010). Guidebook for addressing aircraft/wildlife hazards at general aviation airports (ACRP Report No. 32). Retrieved from the Transportation Research Board on the National Academies website: http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/163690.aspx Cleary, E. C., & Dolbeer, R. A. (2005). Wildlife hazard management at airports: A manual for airport personnel. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1127&context=icwdm_usdanwrc• Dale, L. A. (2009). Personal and corporate liability in the aftermath of bird strikes: A costly consideration. Journal of Human-Wildlife Conflicts, 3(2), 155-166.• DeFusco, R. (2016). Integrating wildlife hazard management into airport safety management systems. Paper presented at the 2016 Bird Strike Committee USA Meeting, Chicago, IL. Presentation retrieved from https://www.aaae.org/aaae/AAAEDocs/Meetings/2016/08/160807/Pres/03_defusco.pdf• DeFusco, R. P., Junior, E. T. U., Cooley, T. R., & Landry, J. M. (2015). Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management (ACRP Report No. 145. Retrieved from the Transportation Research Board on the National Academies website: http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/173318.aspxDeFusco, R. P., & Unangst, E. T. (2013). Airport wildlife population management: A synthesis of airport practice (ACRP Synthesis No. 39). 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Bird and Aviation 2(7), 1-9. Retrieved from http://davvl.de/Voluenglisch/2007/Dolbeer.pdf• Dolbeer, R. A. (2009). Birds and aircraft: Fighting for airspace in ever more crowded skies. Journal of Human-Wildlife Conflicts, 3(2), 155-166.• Dolbeer, R. A. (2011). Increasing trend of damaging bird strikes with aircraft outside the airport boundary: implications for mitigation measures. Human-Wildlife Interactions, 5(2), 235-248. • Dolbeer, R. A. (2013). The history of wildlife management strikes and management at airports. In DeVault, T. L., Blackwell, B. F., & Belant, J. L. (Eds.), Wildlife in airport environments (pp. 1-6). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.• Dolbeer, R. A. (2015). Trends in reporting of wildlife strikes with civil aircraft and in identification of species struck under a primarily voluntary reporting system, 1990-2013 (Especial Report submitted to the Federal Aviation Administration). Retrieved from the FAA website: https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/wildlife/media/trends-in-wildlife-strike-reporting-1990-2013.pdf• Dolbeer, R. A., & Barnes, W. J. (2017). Positive bias in bird strikes to engines on left side of aircraft. Human-Wildlife Conflicts, 11(1), 33-40.• Dolbeer, R. A., Seubert, J. L., & Begier, M. J. (2014). Population trends of resident and migratory Canada geese in relation to strikes with civil aircraft. Human-Wildlife Interactions, 8(1), 88-99. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=hwi• Dolbeer, R. A., & Wright, S. E. (2009). Safety management systems: How useful will the FAA national wildlife strike database be? Human-Wildlife Conflicts, 3(2), 167-178.• Dolbeer, R. A., Wright, S. E., Weller, J. R., Anderson, A. M., & Begier, M. J. (2015). Wildlife strikes to civil aircraft in the United States: 1990–2014 (Serial Report Number 21). Retrieved from the Federal Aviation Administration website: http://www.faa.gov/airports /airport_safety/ wildlife/media/wildlife-strike-report-1990-2014.pdf• Dolbeer, R. A., Weller, J. R., Anderson, A. M., & Begier, M. J. (2016). Wildlife strikes to civil aircraft in the United States: 1990–2015 (Serial Report Number 22). Retrieved from the Federal Aviation Administration website: https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/wildlife/media/Wildlife-Strike-Report-1990-2015.pdf• Doppler, M. S., Blackwell, B. F., DeVault, T. L., Juricic, E. F. (2015). Cowbird responses to aircraft with light tuned to their eyes: Implications for bird-aircraft collisions. The Condor Ornithological Applications, 117(2), 165-177. Retrieved from http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1650/CONDOR-14-157.1• Dove, C. J., Dahlan, N. F., & Heacker, M. (2009). Forensic bird-strike identification techniques used in an accident investigation at Wiley Post Airport, Oklahoma, 2008. Human-Wildlife Conflicts, 3(2), 179-185.• Eschenfelder, P. (2005, May). High speed flight at low altitude: Hazard to commercial aviation? Paper presented at the Seventh Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada Meeting, Vancouver, Canada. Abstract retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2005/4/• Eschenfelder, P., & DeFusco, R. (2010, August). Bird strike mitigation beyond the airport. AeroSafety World, 5(7). Retrieved from http://flightsafety.org/aerosafety-world-magazine/august-2010/bird-strike-mitigation-beyond-the-airportSelected References• Eschenfelder, P., & Hull, S. (2006, August). Reduction of risk: a flight crew guide to the avoidance and mitigation of wildlife strikes to aircraft. Paper presented at the Eighth Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada Meeting, St Louis, Missouri. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2006/2/• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2013). Reporting wildlife aircraft strikes (FAA-AC 150/5200-32B). Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.current/documentNumber/150_5200-32• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2016a). Pilot’s handbook of aeronautical knowledge. Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak/• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2016b). Fact sheet: General aviation safety. Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=21274• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2016c). Wildlife strike resources. Retrieved from http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/wildlife/resources/• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2016d). Risk management handbook (FAA-H-8083-2). Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/risk_management_hb_change_1.pdf• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2016e). Aviation safety: Fiscal year 2016 business plan. Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/aip.pdf• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2016f). Aeronautical information publication: United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/AIP.pdf Ferketich, S. (1991). Focus of psychometrics: Aspects of item analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 14(2), 1665-168. • Flight Safety Foundation (FSF). (1989). Birds Vs. aircraft: No winners. Accident Prevention, 46(3). Retrieved from http://flightsafety.org/ap/ap_mar89.pdf• http://www.icao.int/publications/journalsreports/ 2013/6805_en.pdf• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (2012). Airport services manual. Part 3: Wildlife control and reduction (Doc. 9137 - AN/898) (4th ed.). Montreal, Canada: Author.• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (2013a). Annex 19 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Safety Management (1st ed.). Montreal, Canada: Author.• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (2013b). ICAO safety management manual (Doc. 9859-AN/474) (3rd ed.). Montreal, Canada: Author.Selected References• Marra, P. P., Dove, C. J., Dolbeer, R. A., Dahlan, N. F., Heacker, M., Whaton, J. F., Diggs, N. E., … Henkes, G. A. (2009). Migratory Canada geese cause crash of US airways flight 1549. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7(6), 297-301. • Martin, J. A., Belant, J. L., DeVault, T. L., Blackwell, B. F., Junior, L. W. B., Riffel., S. K., & Wang, G. (2011). Wildlife risk to aviation: A multi-scale issue requires a multi-scale solution. Human-Wildlife Interactions, 5(2), 198-203. • Mendonca, F. A. C. (2008, August). The bird hazard report as a safety tool. Paper presented at the Tenth Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada meeting, Orlando, FL. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2008/20/• Mendonca, F. A. C. (2011, September). Airlines’ pilots’ perceptions concerning recommended practices that reduce the risk of bird strikes. Paper presented at the 11th meeting of the Bird Strike North America Conference, Niagara Falls, Canada. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2011/20/• Mendonca, F. A. C. (2016). Exploiting science: Enhancing pilots’ safety training to reduce the risk of bird strikes. Paper presented at the 2016 Bird Strike Committee USA Meeting, Chicago, IL. Presentation retrieved from https://www.aaae.org/aaae/AAAEDocs/ Meetings/2016/08/160807/Pres/26_Mendonca.pdf• Mendonca, F. A. C. (2017). Exploiting science: Enhancing the safety training of pilots to reduce the risk of bird strikes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. • Mendonca, F. A. C., & Carney, T. Q. (2017). A safety management model for FAR 141 approved flight schools. Submitted for publication. • National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). (2009). Crash of Cessna 500, N113SH following an in‐flight collision with large birds - Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (NTSB/AAR-09/05-PB2009-910405). Retrieved from https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/ Reports/AAR0905.pdf • National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). (2010). Loss of thrust in both engines, US airways flight 1549 and Subsequent Ditching on the Hudson River: US Airways Flight 1549 Airbus A320‐214, N106US Airbus Industry A320-214, N106US (NTSB/AAR-10/03). Retrieved from http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/ Reports/AAR1003.pdf• Kelly, T. A. (2002, September). Managing bird strike risk with the avian hazard advisory system. United States Air Force Flying Magazine: Safety, 58(9). Retrieved from http://www.usahas.com/Downloads/Article%20Managing%20Bird%20Strike%20Risk%20With%20AHAS%20Flying%20Safety%20Sep%202002%20Kelly.pdf• , B. (2004). Sharing the skies manual – An aviation industry guide to the management of wildlife hazards. Retrieved from the Government of Canada, Transport Canada website: https://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp13549-menu-2163.htm MacKinnon, B., Sowden, R., & Kelly, T. (2003). Risk analysis of high-speed aircraft departures below 10,000 feet. Paper presented at the Fifth Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada Meeting, Toronto, Canada. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons. unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=birdstrike2003• Nohara, T. (2016). Illustrating the use of avian radar for off-airport bird hazard alerting. Paper presented at the 2016 Bird Strike Committee USA Meeting, Chicago, IL. Presentation retrieved from http://www.aaae.org/aaae/AAAEDocs/Meetings/2016/ 08/160807/Pres/05_Nohara.pdf• O’Callaghan, J. (n.d.). Bird-strike certification standards and damage mitigation. Retrieved from the National Transportation Safety Board website:  https://www.ntsb.gov/news/events/documents/oklahoma_city_ok-2_web_bird_strike_cert_and_damage_john_ocallaghan.pdfSelected References

General Aviation Pilots\u27 Strategies to Mitigate Bird Strikes

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General Aviation Pilots\u27 Strategies to Mitigate Bird Strikes

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