Coles, B.

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Purdue UniversityPurdue e-PubsInternational Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering1992A Simultaneous Solution for Transfer MatrixAcoustic ModelsB. ColesNEI Allen Ltd. - Baffin and Morcom; EnglandFollow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icecThis document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu foradditional information.Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/Herrick/Events/orderlit.htmlColes, B., "A Simultaneous Solution for Transfer Matrix Acoustic Models" (1992). International Compressor Engineering Conference.Paper 863.https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec/863A SI~ULTANEOUS SOLUTION FOR TRANSFER ~ATRIX ACOUSTIC MODELS Brian Coles NEI Allen- Ltd - Belliss & Moree~ Birmincham.Ensland. ABSTRACT The paper describes a method of carrying out an acoustic analysis using the transfer matrix method by assemblin~ the equations which define the boundary cot>ditions and the transfer function of sections of the system into one equation matrix. This equation matrix is then solved to obtain the pulsatin~ pressure and flow components at all of the nodes defined in the system. NOMENCLATURE = Single frequency pulsating pressure at node n Single frequency pulsating volu~atric flow at node n in direction of it>creasing node Nos. : Acoustic impedance at terminal node n r.s,t.v,w,x Node reference numbers ,a. b, c, d. e Complex coeficients or variables T = No. of end points in system = No. of sections in system with n nodes N ~ Total No. of nodes in system E : Total No. of equations INTRODUCTION The transfer matrix method for the acoustic simulation of collfi}Jressor inlet and discharge systems to calculate the pulsating components of pressure is ~enerally carried out by multiplication of the ~atricies representing the individual sections in the system followed by the solution of the resulting two equations using the known end conditions.(!] When the system includes a side branch the impedance of that branch must be determined before the matrix representing the branching section can ba constructed. When the pulsatitll!: components at intermediate points of the system are r<tquired a transfer matri" for the system bat•een one end and the intermediate point has to be obtained and the solution for the pulsatin~ components of pressure and flow at the end substituted to determine the components at the intermedi~te point. A solution for the system which determines the pressure and flow components at all intermediate and end points can be obtained by solving si~ultaneously all the equations which ~ake up the individual transfer matrices of the sections. When a solution for all intermediate points in a system is required the simultaneous method can produce the result with lass computation than by matrix multiplication providing the equations ere handled in the appropriate liUiquence. 715 The simultaneous method will handle systems which include side branches,loops and multiple end points. A set of equations can be assembled to represent a manifold with volume and several nozzles. The end Points ca.n be defined by their acoustic impedance or as a source of flow to or from the system.This makes it suitable for acoustic simulation of single and multi stage reciprocating cocnpresaor systems with sev~Tal cylinders driven from the same crankshaft. EQUATIONS TO BE SOLVED The equations to be solved are represented by the transfer matrix of each section of the acoustic system under anaiysis and by the boundarY conditions at the end points of the system. ·The following description assumes that nodes have been numbered in ascending order along the system as connected except where a loop in the system prevents this convention being applied. Fig.l shows a system layout numbered in this way. a.BoundarY conditions The end points of the system are either open,closed or connected to another system whose acoustic impedance is known at the frequencY being analysed. In each case the boundary condition can be defined by one equation containing complex variables. A particular form of a closed end is the connection to a compressor where the volumetric flow is given by a complex variable definin~ its magnitude and phase. b.Sections with two nodes For "' section of the system such as change of section a transfer matrix can pulsating pressure and flow components at the form: a. pipe.volume chamber or be defined to relate the two nodes[2)[3) which has [ :~ {: ~[:j 5 < t: - ... (.1) . c.Multi-node sections Sections of the system •ith more thBn two nodes such as branches yeild the same number of equations as there are nodes.A branch with 3 nodes has 2 equations to define the pressure equality between nodes and a third equation to define the continuity of pulsating flows at the separate nodes. v ..... , --r-"---~~,. The addition of en extra n~de et pressure equality equation and increase flow equation by one. v w 1 v < x-: the junction will add the number of terms in one the When the multi~node section completes a loop in the system and the-node numbering convention cannot be applied to the adjoining section "' change of si~n at the term in the equation represent~ng the joinin~ flow is required. 716 When the multiple junction occurs at a manifold which is to be treated as a volume with several nozzl'es the flow continuity equation requires a pressure ter•· ....•... ( 3). d.All equations The number of equations obtained is: T + 252 + 353 + . · . . . . + n5n "'E ....... (4) • Since each node on a section of the system is either connected to another section o~ is an end point the number of nodes in a system is: T + 25 2 + 3S3 + ......... + nSn: 2N ..... (5). E : 2N ...•.......... ( 6). In every system there is available for solution 2N equations which includes those equations which define a known condition at a node. The solution of this set of equations wi 11 deter-01ine the two variables of pulsatin~ pressure and pulsating flow at each node. ASSEMBLING THE EQUATIONS The equations are asse01bled into. a 2N by 2N+l matrix for solution by Gaussian Elimination. Equations derived fro01 the end points are the first to be entered and are of the form: .. (7c): Eque tions defining pressure ( 7a) or impedance ( 7b) ere entered as equation No.2r-l and an equation defining flow is entered as equation No. 2r into the matrix illustrated in Fig 2. The equations for sections with 2 ~odes are derivlid from ( 1)' ps - aPt - bUt = 0 ......... ( Ss). us - cPt - dUt = 0 ......... ( Sb). s < t; The two equations Sa & Sb are entered as equations Nos 2s-l and 2s providin~ those positions in the equstion ~strix are not alresdy occupied. Equations which cannot be entered into these positions are assicned to the spare equation ~atrix. Entering the equations for end points and 2 node sections in this •ay with s < t does not introduce any elements into the lower trian«le of th~ main equation matrix. The sections of the syste"' with 3 or more nodes produce 2 equations which define Pv and Uv end can be entered in the rows 2v-l end 2v subJect to the same condit•ons as for the 2 node sections. The additional equations from multi-node sections are assigned to the spare equation matrix. 717 When the first allocation of equations is completed there will be an equal number of unused rows in the main equation matrix as there are equations in the spare equation matrix. A simple transfer operation will transfer equations from the spare equation matrix into these vacant rows of the main equation matrix. The result is an equation matrix which is largely upper triangular and with most of the elements on the dia~onal filled. The number of rows with elements in the lower triangle is equal to the sum of the number of end points and branches in the system. SOLVING THE EQUATIONS The matrix of equations assembled are solved by Gaussian Elimination. This method is described in mathematics te:>:ts [4] for real variables and also applies to complex variables which occur in the case of acoustic analysis. The method entails a forward substitution from equations in lower numbered rows to eliminate elements in the lower triangle. The presence of only a few elements in the lower triangle has reduced the computation at this phase of the equation solution. Before forward substltution the elements on the main diagonal are unity unless filled by the transfer of a spare equation and partial pivoting is not used during the solution. Trivial pivoting by exchanging rows during forward substitution is carried out only if the pivotal element is zero. Experience in using this al~orithm has shown there is a negligable loss of accuracy with double precision computation when usin~ trivial pivoting compared with partial pivoting. APPLICATIONS The simultaneous method of solving the equations derived from the individual transfer matricies and the boundary conditions of the acoustic model is applicable to the pulsation analysis of compressor intake and delivery sYstems. A programme has been written which assembles the equations from input data describing the geometry and the interconnection of each se,ction to other sections. The programme then proceeds to solve the equations determining pressure and flow pulsations at each node. Thi~ process i~ repeated for s~ccessive harmonics. The application of this algorithm to a compressor system analysis programme is shown in"the flow diagram Fig 3. It has particular advantages compar~d with methods using successive multiplication of tre.nsfel"' matricies when more than one corqpressor cylinder is connected in parallel. These cYlinders a.re connected to a common crankshaft and hence the phase relation~hip of the pulsating flo•s are known and expressed together with the magnitude of the flows by the complex variables in the equations ·7c. All the cylinder flows are concidered simultaneously and their combined influence on the pulsation at each node is determined. CONCLUSIONS The algorithm described allows sections of a system with two nodes to be described by the equations contained witin a 4 pole transfer matrix and for these sections to be assembled into the overall system by equations representin~ branches or manifolds. There is no restriction to the comp.lexity of th .. system layout. The algorithm can be easily applied to compressor inlet and delivery systems with more than one oyl1nder per stage. 718 REFERENCES (1] Sakai T.and Mitsuhashi K. 'Study an Puls~tians of Reciprocating ComPressor Piping Systems'.Bulletin of the JSME Val 16 No 101.1973. [2] Abe T .. Fujikawa T.and Ita S. 'A Calculating Method of Pulsation in a Piping System',Bulletin of the JSME Vol 13 No 59,1970. (3] Kammin 11. 'The Developm,ent and Experimental Verification of an Acoustic Damping Madel for a Frequency Domain Digital Pulsation Simulation' ,19BB International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue. [4] Mathews J .H. 'Numerical Methods' ,Prentice Hall International, Inc. 1987. 719 Equation Ncs. 1 2 2r--1 2r 2s-1 s 2v-1 v SPARE EQIIS. node no.l p u ~~--------~s,_~~s __________ ~s~--f~9~ 7 10 11 Fig.l Typical Node Numbering r 5 t v w " N p u PUPU PUPUPU 2N+l e from(7c) " -1 .. b 0 from( Sa) -1 c d 0 .. (Sb) "" 1 -1 0 from(2a) 1 1 1 0 .. (2c) -1 0 from(2b) Fig.2 Equation Matrix 720 N N y :s :u IB \J IE :c :T ' ' :o \F ' ' \T \H \ I :s :P \A IP IE IR ' ·' Fig.3 The Si~ultanacus Algorithm in a syste~ analysis programme. 721 

A Simultaneous Solution for Transfer Matrix Acoustic Models

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A Simultaneous Solution for Transfer Matrix Acoustic Models

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