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Goal Orientation and the Presence of Competitors Influence Cycling Performance
Authors
Bath
Bond
+34 more
Borg
Chi
Cohen
Cooke
Corbett
Duda
Duda
Edwards
Hardy
Hettinga
Hibbert
Jones
Jones
Konings
Lander
Mauger
McAuley
Nicholls
Petherick
Ravaja
Reinboth
Renfree
Ryan
Smits
Snyder
St Clair Gibson
Stone
Strauss
Thiel
Tomazini
Triplett
Vanhatalo
Williams
Williams
Publication date
1 January 2018
Publisher
'Frontiers Media SA'
Doi
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate time-trial (TT) performance in the presence of one competitor and in a group with competitors of various abilities. Methods: In a randomized order, 24 participants performed a 5-km cycling TT individually (IND), with one similarly matched participant (1v1), and in a group of four participants (GRP). For the GRP session, two pairs of matched participants from the 1v1 session were used. Pairs were selected so that TT duration was considered either inferior (INF) or superior (SUP) compared to the other pair of participants. Results: Overall, TT duration (P = 0.86, ηp2 p2 = 0.16). For INF, a large effect size for both mean power (P = 0.07, ηp2 = 0.15) and HR (P = 0.05, ηp2 = 0.16), indicates greatest effort in GRP. Pacing behavior was affected by competition but similar in 1v1 and GRP for SUP, while large effect sizes indicate an increased power output in the initial 750-m for INF in GRP. Additionally, for INF, there was a significant correlation with ego orientation for an increase in TT duration between the GRP session and both the IND (r = 0.43, P = 0.04) and 1v1 (r = 0.54, P = 0.01) sessions. Conclusion: For INF participants, intensity was increased when competing in GRP. Yet, the presence of the SUP competitors resulted in lesser performance improvements for ego oriented INF participants. These findings demonstrate that consideration should be given to the ability of competitors in a group setting to provide adequate motivation. © 2018 Hibbert, Billaut, Varley and Polman
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