The evolution of CubeSat construction and architecture took a turn in 2012, when a new paradigm for CubeSat design was presented by Tyvak. Previously, most CubeSats had consisted of vertically stacked modular boards, each designed for a specific subsystem. The presentation called to light: Smartphone electronics are compact and tightly integrated, as opposed to large interchangeable desktop parts CubeSats could do the same to integrate components into a single board. Modularity was wasteful of space
