Brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) have been implicated as a cause of songbird population declines. Cowbirds can have particularly severe negative impacts on already endangered hosts. Removal of cowbirds by trapping has become a popular management action to benefit hosts. Cowbird trapping often decreases parasitism frequency and can help to increase the reproductive success of hosts. However, its role in the recovery of host populations is equivocal. Based on our experience at Fort Hood Military Reservation, Texas, the site of a long-term, landscape-scale trapping program, we discuss factors that we believe are important for the success of a trapping program (e.g., timing of trapping). Although cowbird removal is generally accepted as a songbird conservation tool, its use is not without controversy. So, we also review some of the economic, ethical, legal, and scientific issues associated with cowbird trapping. Ultimately, our continued ability to remove cowbirds as a tool for songbird conservation may depend on the resolution of these controversies. Although cowbird removal may not be a viable long-term solution to songbird population declines in of itself, it can be an integral part of integrated songbird management strategies