Because the first definition at the top of this paper (from Shohamy et al, 1996) is both adequate and parsimonious, it is very attractive. However, that definition does not explicitly include the link between washback and validity. Hence the working definition of washback that I will use in this paper is a slightly expanded version ofthe one provided by Shohamy et al. (1996): the connections between language testing and learning, and the consequences of those connections. I will continue to explore the concept of backwash by addressing a number of questions: Does washback exist? What factors affect the impact of washback? What are the negative aspects of washback? How can we promote positive washback? What directions might future research on washback effect take
