Representation gaps cause populism: those who feel that they are poorly represented
are more populist in their thinking and at the polls. The same also applies to the
2019 European elections. However, populist citizens only agree on two things:
they are sceptical towards Europe and dissatisfied with EU democracy. When it
comes to substantive political issues, left-wing and right-wing populist voters are
even more divided than the voters of the mainstream parties. This makes it more
difficult to form new majorities in the next European Parliament
