The argument of this paper proceeds in four steps. In the first part it recapitulates that representation is a multifaceted concept, closely related to issues of accountability and responsiveness, which does not lend itself easily to develop practical rules for appropriately
and directly representing EU citizens. A second part deals with the problem that democracy has not been a legal or normative concept which determined the early stages of European integration. However, since the signing of the Maastricht treaty we have witnessed a series of genuine attempts to go beyond regulatory matters and to create a political system with democratic credentials, protection of individual rights and means of political participation.
Some of these have taken the shape of constitutional reform, not always successful, others came in the guise of more modest steps of institutional change. Thirdly, the impact of such practical reforms is demonstrated, especially the design of electoral rules and related aspects of the
construction of a transnational political community. A final section addresses the thorny question whether the European Union should become a more politicized system, providing an
assessment of the virtues and possible pitfalls of politicization
