Malicious cyber activities have become a growing threat, a
fact that has become more visible in recent years through
several massive cyberattacks. While the European Union
(EU) has been active in the field of cybersecurity for a
number of years, it has not yet put in place diplomatic
tools to respond to cyberattacks, nor has it attributed
cyberattacks. However, EU member states have made
progress in the development of a cyber diplomacy toolbox
containing a number of measures, from preventive ones
to the use of sanctions. This work needs to be finalised,
so that the Union’s toolbox can become operational and
used when needed
