De Breuck, W.

Gonfiantini, R.

Picciotto , E.

Togliatti, V.

Tongiorgi, E.

Archive of European Integration

sr« 
(European Atomic Energy Community 
øm à 
Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare 
Université Libre de Bruxelles) 
W 
li ιΐ 1-Í **¿ 
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF m OXYGEN48/OXYGEN46 RATIO IN SURFACE 
SNOW AND ICE F R O M | l B Ì B Ì B 
«5 ν'·*ΙΛ W. DE BREUCK (Universiteit te Gent) 
R. GONFIANTINI (Università di Pisa) ■mim 
mim, 
M 
li 
\mi¡ 
m ili mi 
I 
Work performed under the Euratom contract No. 004­61­7 GEAC 
Reprinted from 
NATURE 
«JHS?. „ ¡Α ·ϊ·.·Ί'ιΜίιίΜ,*<*Λ.-»-.;» ·^ΐ·1'»ί;ϊ5 
m mmm 
isillllNiP1 
This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the Commission of the European 
Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). 
nm 
Neither the EURATOM Commission, its contractors nor any person acting on their behalf : 
I o — Make any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, 
completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this document, or that the use 
Lift ί"1 · ι · 
of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed m this document may not Ipflljffl 
ftiiJU 
infringe privately owned rights; or 
Assume any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from t 
any information, apparatus, method or process disclosed in this document. 
Jsr.-I«* 
ils.'* >!ÍÍ**Í '2"ί** "if* ¿^/ilQWiWwi'ififcwiviBjjfS''*''» ···'«?{([ "jlii '1»:'M ¡jät trilliti 
This reprint is intended for restricted distribution only. It reproduces, 
by kind permission of the publisher, an article from „NATURE", 
Vol. 197, No. 4872 - 1963, 1096-1098. For further copies please apply 
to Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., Gainsborough Press, Lattimore Road — 
St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England. 
Dieser Sonderdruck ist für eine beschränkte Verteilung bestimmt. Die 
Wiedergabe des vorliegenden in „NATURE", Vol. 197, Nr. 4872 -
1963, 1096-1098, erschienenen Aufsatzes erfolgt mit freundlicher 
Genehmigung des Herausgebers. Bestellungen weiterer Exemplare sind 
an Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., Gainsborough Press, Lattimore Road — 
'hî'tt 
« * ; * ' St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England, zu richten. 
Ce tiré-à-part est exclusivement destiné à une diffusion restreinte. Il 
reprend, avec l'aimable autorisation de l'éditeur, un article publié dans 
«NATURE», Vol. 197, N° 4872 - 1963, 1096-1098. Tout autre exem-
plaire de cet article, doit être demandé à Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., 
Gainsborough Press, Lattimore Road — St. Albans, Hertfordshire, 
England. 
Questo estratto è destinato esclusivamente ad una diffusione limitata. Esso 
è stato riprodotto, per gentile concessione dell'Editore, da «NATURE», 
Voi. 197, N° 4872 - 1963, 1096-1098. Ulteriori copie dell'articolo 
debbono essere richieste a Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., Gainsborough 
Press, Lattimore Road — St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England. 
Deze overdruk is slechts voor beperkte verspreiding bestemd. Het artikel 
is met welwillende toestemming van de uitgever overgenomen uit 
„NATURE", Vol. 197, N° 4872 - 1963, 1096-1098. Meer exemplaren 
kunnen besteld worden bij Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., Gainsborough 
Press, Lattimore Road -- St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England. 
E U R 1 6 3 . e 
R E P R I N T 
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN-18/OXYGEN-16 RATIO IN 
SURFACE SNOW AND ICE FROM QUEEN MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA 
by (in alphabetical order) W. DE BREUCK (Universiteit te Gent), R. GON-
FIANTINI (Università di Pisa), E. PICCIOTTO (U.L.B.), V. TOGLIATTI 
(Università di Pisa) and E . TONGIORGI (Università di Pisa). 
Association EURATOM - C.N.E.N. - U.L.B. 
(European Atomic Energy Community - Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia 
Nucleare - Université Libre de Bruxelles). 
Work performed under the Euratom contract No. 004-61-7 GEAC. 
Reprinted from „Nature" , Vol. 197, No. 4872 - 1963, pages 1096-1098. 
Summary not available. 
EUR 1 6 3 . e 
R E P R I N T 
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN-18/OXYGEN-16 RATIO IN 
SURFACE SNOW AND ICE FROM QUEEN MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA 
by (in alphabetical order) W. DE BREUCK (Universiteit te Gent), R. GON-
FIANTINI (Università di Pisa), E. PICCIOTTO (U.L.B.), V. TOGLIATTI 
(Università di Pisa) and E. TONGIORGI (Università di Pisa). 
Association EURATOM - C.N.E.N. - U.L.B. 
(European Atomic Energy Community - Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia 
Nucleare - Université Libre de Bruxelles). 
Work performed under the Euratom contract No. 004-61-7 GEAC. 
Reprinted from „Nature" , Vol. 197, No. 4872 - 1963, pages 1096-1098. 
Summary not available. 
E U R 1 6 3 .e 
R E P R I N T 
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN-18/OXYGEN-16 RATIO IN 
SURFACE SNOW AND ICE FROM QUEEN MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA 
by (in alphabetical order) W. DE BREUCK (Universiteit te Gent), R. GON-
FIANTINI (Università di Pisa), E. PICCIOTTO (U.L.B.), V. TOGLIATTI 
(Università di Pisa) and E. TONGIORGI (Università di Pisa). 
Association EURATOM - C.N.E.N. - U.L.B. 
(European Atomic Energy Community - Comitato Nazionale per l 'Energia 
Nucleare - Université Libre de Bruxelles). 
Work performed under the Euratom contract No. 004-61-7 GEAC. 
Reprinted from „Nature" , Vol. 197, No. 4872 - 1963, pages 1096-1098. 
Summary not available. 

(Reprinted ¡rom Nature, Vol. 197, No. 4872, pp. 1096­1098, March 16, 1963) 
Geographical Variations of Oxygen-18/ 
Oxygen-16 Ratio in Surface Snow and Ice 
from Queen Maud Land, Antarctica 
T H E work recorded here is a continuation of that repor­
ted in Nature1·' on the isotopie composition of Antarctic 
snows. 
The ratio of oxygen­18 to oxygen­16 has been measured 
in some hundred samples of surface snow and ice in the 
region of the King Baudouin Station (70° 26' S., 24° 19' E.), 
and taken from an area extending from the coast to the 
southern slopes of the Sor­Rondane Mountains, situated 
300 km to the south. Information concerning the geodesy 
and morphology of this region has been published3,1. 
These samples were collected during the Belgian Ant­
arctic Expeditions of 1959 (Commandant F . Bastin) and 
1960 (Commandant G. Derom). 
Detailed results will be published elsewhere. We report 
here only those results relative to samples of which the 
thickness represents one or more years of accumulation, in 
order to minimize the seasonal variations. 
The ratio of oxygon­18 to oxygen­16 is expressed, as in 
previous publications, by δ, in parts per thousand of 
relative variation with respect to the standard mean 
ocean water (SMOW). 
Fig. 1 shows the locations at which samples were taken 
and the values of S. Each value corresponds, in general, 
to the average of several neighbouring samples of similar 
isotopie composition. 
Fig. 2 shows the variations of δ as a function of the 
altitude at which the samples were taken. We have 
added two points taken from other publications : the point 
from the South Pole according to Epstein and Sharp5, and 
a group of points corresponding to Victoria Land, and 
measured by Roth, Nief and Botter. The latter points 
have been estimated from the average content of deuter­
ium reported by Lorius6, and the altitudes reported by 
Stuart and Heine7; the deuterium concentrations have 
been translated into δ according to the relation found a t 
the King Baudouin Station in I9582. 
Despite the poor statistical value of samples of which 
most represent only one year, the values of δ follow well 
the general scheme of variations of isotope composition of 
precipitations8·9. I t is known tha t the value of δ depends 
principally on the temperature of precipitation. In the 
Antarctic, the average annual temperature is essentially a 
function of the altitude. 
TAULE 1. AVERAGE OXVGEN-IS /OXYGEN-IG RATIO OF SURFACE SNOW 
FROM THE FOUR GEOGRAPHIC ZONES—PRINCESS RAGNHILD COAST 
Zone δ (SMOW) averages 
Sea ice * and ice-shelf (68°-70° S.) - 2 2 
Continental slope (70°-71° 30') - 2 2 to - 2 6 
Mountains (71°-72°) - 2 6 to - 3 7 
Polar plateau (73°-00°) - 3 7 to - 5 0 
* Snow precipitated on the ice-pack. The sea ice itself shows δ of + 1. 
Table 1 indicates tha t the four classical geographical 
zones of the Antarctic are characterized by clearly dif­
ferent values of the δ of precipitations. 
The most-pronounced difference is between the ice 
formed on the plateau and tha t formed on the continental 
slope. The variation of δ in the 300 km separating the 
coast from the mountains is as great as the variation over 
the whole of the polar plateau. This corresponds to the 
increasing spacing of the curves of equal elevation, equal 
temperature and equal accumulation when proceeding 
from the coast toward the centre of the continent. 
I t will be important to make a network of measure­
ments of δ of surface snows extending throughout the 
continent, as well as measurements of δ as a function of 
the depth at diverse points of the Antarctic ice-cap. These 
data could provide important information on the large-
scale displacements of the ice-cap (see, for example, ref. 10 
in reference to Greenland). 
We take from the present work two examples of inform­
ation which can be derived from the application of isotope 
methods on a more local scale : 
(1) The sample of ice LD comes from a region of the 
continental slope where the bare ice is exposed over large 
areas, a t more than 60 km from any rocky outcrops. The 
origin of these fields of bare ice is still controversial. I n 
this particular case, the isotopie composition (δ= —22) 
indicates tha t this ice does not come from the polar 
plateau, but t ha t it must have been formed at the expense 
of snow precipitated in the same zone (assuming tha t it has 
never experienced strong evaporation). 
(2) The entire zone of the Sor-Rondane Mountains shows 
traces of important glacial recessions. Although most of 
the glaciers of the northern slopes no longer connect with 
the plateau, it is probable tha t in the past the ice-cap ran 
over the mountain range. 
I t can be seen (Figs. 1 and 2) tha t all the samples taken 
from the northern slope of the range have about the same 
isotopie composition (δ= —30), whether it is bare ice 
from the ablation zones, or surface snow representing 
recent precipitation. These ices, then, were formed from 
local precipitations, and do not represent possible remain­
ders of the ice-cap, dating from before the recession. 
Only the sample θU has a clearly more negative δ ( — 39). 
This value is in good agreement with the geographical 
ã 
Sor- Rondane Mountains 
0 WOO 2000 3000rr, 
Belgica Mountains 
Fig. 1. Geographical distribution of surface samples and annual average "0/1β0 ratio 

facts. In fact, this sample is the only one which comes 
from an outlet glacier (the Gunnestadbreen), still in con­
nexion with the plateau and presenting a measurable 
surface flow (maximum displacement of the order of 
10 m/year, according to K. Blaiklock and T. Van 
Autenboer). 
We thank the members of the Belgian Antarctic 
Expeditions of 1959 and 1960 and of the summer journeys 
which participated in the collection of samples, notably 
F . Bastin, T. Van Autenboer, J . Giot and J . Loodts. 
This work was carried out under contract with 
EURATOM—Université Libre de Bruxelles—Comitato 
Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare, No. 013­61­7 AOEG. 
R . GONFIANTINI 
V. TOGLIATTI 
E . TONGIOKGI 
Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare, 
Università di Pisa. 
W. DB BREUCK 
Laboratorium voor Fysische Aardrijkskunde, 
Universiteit te Gent. 
E. PICCIOTTO 
Service de Géologie et Géochimie Nucléaires, 
Université Libre de Bruxelles. 
1 Gonflantini, R., and Picciotto, E. , Nature, 184, 1557 (1959). 
2 Picciotto, Β., de Maere, X. , and Friedman, I. , Nature, 187, 857 (I960). 
3 Loodts, J. , Résultats scientifiques, Expédition Antarctique Belge 1957-1958, 
Géodésie (M. Weissenbruch, S.A., Bruxelles). 
' Picciotto, E. , Ciel et Terre, 77, 126 (1961). 
' Epstein, S., and Sharp, R. P . , ΙΟΥ Bull., No. 21 (1959). 
' Lorius, C , Ann. de Géophys., 17, No. 4, 378 (1961). 
' Stuart, A. W., and Heine, A. J. , J. Glaciol., 3, No. 30, 997 (1961). 
* Epstein, S., and Mayeda, T., Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 4, 213 (1953). 
'Dansgaard, W., Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 6, 241 (1954). 
10 Scholander, P. F . , Dansgaard, W., Nutt , D. C , de Vries, H., Coachman, 
L. K., and Hemmingsen, E., Meddelelser om Grönland, 165, No. 1 (1962). 
Printed in Great Britain by Fisher, Knight & Co., Ltd., St. Albans. 







GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN-18/OXYGEN-16 RATIO IN SURFACE SNOW AND ICE FROM QUEEN MAUD LAND, ANTARTICA. EUR 163.e

sr« (European Atomic Energy Community øm à Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare Université Libre de Bruxelles) W li ιΐ 1-Í **¿ GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF m OXYGEN48/OXYGEN46 RATIO IN SURFACE SNOW AND ICE F R O M | l B Ì B Ì B «5 ν'·*ΙΛ W. DE BREUCK (Universiteit te Gent) R. GONFIANTINI (Università di Pisa) ■mim mim, M li \mi¡ m ili mi I Work performed under the Euratom contract No. 004­61­7 GEAC Reprinted from NATURE «JHS?. „ ¡Α ·ϊ·.·Ί'ιΜίιίΜ,*<*Λ.-»-.;» ·^ΐ·1'»ί;ϊ5 m mmm isillllNiP1 This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). nm Neither the EURATOM Commission, its contractors nor any person acting on their behalf : I o — Make any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this document, or that the use Lift ί"1 · ι · of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed m this document may not Ipflljffl ftiiJU infringe privately owned rights; or Assume any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from t any information, apparatus, method or process disclosed in this document. Jsr.-I«* ils.'* >!ÍÍ**Í '2"ί** "if* ¿^/ilQWiWwi'ififcwiviBjjfS''*''» ···'«?{([ "jlii '1»:'M ¡jät trilliti This reprint is intended for restricted distribution only. It reproduces, by kind permission of the publisher, an article from „NATURE", Vol. 197, No. 4872 - 1963, 1096-1098. For further copies please apply to Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., Gainsborough Press, Lattimore Road — St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England. Dieser Sonderdruck ist für eine beschränkte Verteilung bestimmt. Die Wiedergabe des vorliegenden in „NATURE", Vol. 197, Nr. 4872 -1963, 1096-1098, erschienenen Aufsatzes erfolgt mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Herausgebers. Bestellungen weiterer Exemplare sind an Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., Gainsborough Press, Lattimore Road — 'hî'tt « * ; * ' St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England, zu richten. Ce tiré-à-part est exclusivement destiné à une diffusion restreinte. Il reprend, avec l'aimable autorisation de l'éditeur, un article publié dans «NATURE», Vol. 197, N° 4872 - 1963, 1096-1098. Tout autre exem-plaire de cet article, doit être demandé à Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., Gainsborough Press, Lattimore Road — St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England. Questo estratto è destinato esclusivamente ad una diffusione limitata. Esso è stato riprodotto, per gentile concessione dell'Editore, da «NATURE», Voi. 197, N° 4872 - 1963, 1096-1098. Ulteriori copie dell'articolo debbono essere richieste a Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., Gainsborough Press, Lattimore Road — St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England. Deze overdruk is slechts voor beperkte verspreiding bestemd. Het artikel is met welwillende toestemming van de uitgever overgenomen uit „NATURE", Vol. 197, N° 4872 - 1963, 1096-1098. Meer exemplaren kunnen besteld worden bij Fisher, Knight et Co., Ltd., Gainsborough Press, Lattimore Road -- St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England. E U R 1 6 3 . e R E P R I N T GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN-18/OXYGEN-16 RATIO IN SURFACE SNOW AND ICE FROM QUEEN MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA by (in alphabetical order) W. DE BREUCK (Universiteit te Gent), R. GON-FIANTINI (Università di Pisa), E. PICCIOTTO (U.L.B.), V. TOGLIATTI (Università di Pisa) and E . TONGIORGI (Università di Pisa). Association EURATOM - C.N.E.N. - U.L.B. (European Atomic Energy Community - Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare - Université Libre de Bruxelles). Work performed under the Euratom contract No. 004-61-7 GEAC. Reprinted from „Nature" , Vol. 197, No. 4872 - 1963, pages 1096-1098. Summary not available. EUR 1 6 3 . e R E P R I N T GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN-18/OXYGEN-16 RATIO IN SURFACE SNOW AND ICE FROM QUEEN MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA by (in alphabetical order) W. DE BREUCK (Universiteit te Gent), R. GON-FIANTINI (Università di Pisa), E. PICCIOTTO (U.L.B.), V. TOGLIATTI (Università di Pisa) and E. TONGIORGI (Università di Pisa). Association EURATOM - C.N.E.N. - U.L.B. (European Atomic Energy Community - Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare - Université Libre de Bruxelles). Work performed under the Euratom contract No. 004-61-7 GEAC. Reprinted from „Nature" , Vol. 197, No. 4872 - 1963, pages 1096-1098. Summary not available. E U R 1 6 3 .e R E P R I N T GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN-18/OXYGEN-16 RATIO IN SURFACE SNOW AND ICE FROM QUEEN MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA by (in alphabetical order) W. DE BREUCK (Universiteit te Gent), R. GON-FIANTINI (Università di Pisa), E. PICCIOTTO (U.L.B.), V. TOGLIATTI (Università di Pisa) and E. TONGIORGI (Università di Pisa). Association EURATOM - C.N.E.N. - U.L.B. (European Atomic Energy Community - Comitato Nazionale per l 'Energia Nucleare - Université Libre de Bruxelles). Work performed under the Euratom contract No. 004-61-7 GEAC. Reprinted from „Nature" , Vol. 197, No. 4872 - 1963, pages 1096-1098. Summary not available. (Reprinted ¡rom Nature, Vol. 197, No. 4872, pp. 1096­1098, March 16, 1963) Geographical Variations of Oxygen-18/ Oxygen-16 Ratio in Surface Snow and Ice from Queen Maud Land, Antarctica T H E work recorded here is a continuation of that repor­ted in Nature1·' on the isotopie composition of Antarctic snows. The ratio of oxygen­18 to oxygen­16 has been measured in some hundred samples of surface snow and ice in the region of the King Baudouin Station (70° 26' S., 24° 19' E.), and taken from an area extending from the coast to the southern slopes of the Sor­Rondane Mountains, situated 300 km to the south. Information concerning the geodesy and morphology of this region has been published3,1. These samples were collected during the Belgian Ant­arctic Expeditions of 1959 (Commandant F . Bastin) and 1960 (Commandant G. Derom). Detailed results will be published elsewhere. We report here only those results relative to samples of which the thickness represents one or more years of accumulation, in order to minimize the seasonal variations. The ratio of oxygon­18 to oxygen­16 is expressed, as in previous publications, by δ, in parts per thousand of relative variation with respect to the standard mean ocean water (SMOW). Fig. 1 shows the locations at which samples were taken and the values of S. Each value corresponds, in general, to the average of several neighbouring samples of similar isotopie composition. Fig. 2 shows the variations of δ as a function of the altitude at which the samples were taken. We have added two points taken from other publications : the point from the South Pole according to Epstein and Sharp5, and a group of points corresponding to Victoria Land, and measured by Roth, Nief and Botter. The latter points have been estimated from the average content of deuter­ium reported by Lorius6, and the altitudes reported by Stuart and Heine7; the deuterium concentrations have been translated into δ according to the relation found a t the King Baudouin Station in I9582. Despite the poor statistical value of samples of which most represent only one year, the values of δ follow well the general scheme of variations of isotope composition of precipitations8·9. I t is known tha t the value of δ depends principally on the temperature of precipitation. In the Antarctic, the average annual temperature is essentially a function of the altitude. TAULE 1. AVERAGE OXVGEN-IS /OXYGEN-IG RATIO OF SURFACE SNOW FROM THE FOUR GEOGRAPHIC ZONES—PRINCESS RAGNHILD COAST Zone δ (SMOW) averages Sea ice * and ice-shelf (68°-70° S.) - 2 2 Continental slope (70°-71° 30') - 2 2 to - 2 6 Mountains (71°-72°) - 2 6 to - 3 7 Polar plateau (73°-00°) - 3 7 to - 5 0 * Snow precipitated on the ice-pack. The sea ice itself shows δ of + 1. Table 1 indicates tha t the four classical geographical zones of the Antarctic are characterized by clearly dif­ferent values of the δ of precipitations. The most-pronounced difference is between the ice formed on the plateau and tha t formed on the continental slope. The variation of δ in the 300 km separating the coast from the mountains is as great as the variation over the whole of the polar plateau. This corresponds to the increasing spacing of the curves of equal elevation, equal temperature and equal accumulation when proceeding from the coast toward the centre of the continent. I t will be important to make a network of measure­ments of δ of surface snows extending throughout the continent, as well as measurements of δ as a function of the depth at diverse points of the Antarctic ice-cap. These data could provide important information on the large-scale displacements of the ice-cap (see, for example, ref. 10 in reference to Greenland). We take from the present work two examples of inform­ation which can be derived from the application of isotope methods on a more local scale : (1) The sample of ice LD comes from a region of the continental slope where the bare ice is exposed over large areas, a t more than 60 km from any rocky outcrops. The origin of these fields of bare ice is still controversial. I n this particular case, the isotopie composition (δ= —22) indicates tha t this ice does not come from the polar plateau, but t ha t it must have been formed at the expense of snow precipitated in the same zone (assuming tha t it has never experienced strong evaporation). (2) The entire zone of the Sor-Rondane Mountains shows traces of important glacial recessions. Although most of the glaciers of the northern slopes no longer connect with the plateau, it is probable tha t in the past the ice-cap ran over the mountain range. I t can be seen (Figs. 1 and 2) tha t all the samples taken from the northern slope of the range have about the same isotopie composition (δ= —30), whether it is bare ice from the ablation zones, or surface snow representing recent precipitation. These ices, then, were formed from local precipitations, and do not represent possible remain­ders of the ice-cap, dating from before the recession. Only the sample θU has a clearly more negative δ ( — 39). This value is in good agreement with the geographical ã Sor- Rondane Mountains 0 WOO 2000 3000rr, Belgica Mountains Fig. 1. Geographical distribution of surface samples and annual average "0/1β0 ratio facts. In fact, this sample is the only one which comes from an outlet glacier (the Gunnestadbreen), still in con­nexion with the plateau and presenting a measurable surface flow (maximum displacement of the order of 10 m/year, according to K. Blaiklock and T. Van Autenboer). We thank the members of the Belgian Antarctic Expeditions of 1959 and 1960 and of the summer journeys which participated in the collection of samples, notably F . Bastin, T. Van Autenboer, J . Giot and J . Loodts. This work was carried out under contract with EURATOM—Université Libre de Bruxelles—Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare, No. 013­61­7 AOEG. R . GONFIANTINI V. TOGLIATTI E . TONGIOKGI Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare, Università di Pisa. W. DB BREUCK Laboratorium voor Fysische Aardrijkskunde, Universiteit te Gent. E. PICCIOTTO Service de Géologie et Géochimie Nucléaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles. 1 Gonflantini, R., and Picciotto, E. , Nature, 184, 1557 (1959). 2 Picciotto, Β., de Maere, X. , and Friedman, I. , Nature, 187, 857 (I960). 3 Loodts, J. , Résultats scientifiques, Expédition Antarctique Belge 1957-1958, Géodésie (M. Weissenbruch, S.A., Bruxelles). ' Picciotto, E. , Ciel et Terre, 77, 126 (1961). ' Epstein, S., and Sharp, R. P . , ΙΟΥ Bull., No. 21 (1959). ' Lorius, C , Ann. de Géophys., 17, No. 4, 378 (1961). ' Stuart, A. W., and Heine, A. J. , J. Glaciol., 3, No. 30, 997 (1961). * Epstein, S., and Mayeda, T., Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 4, 213 (1953). 'Dansgaard, W., Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 6, 241 (1954). 10 Scholander, P. F . , Dansgaard, W., Nutt , D. C , de Vries, H., Coachman, L. K., and Hemmingsen, E., Meddelelser om Grönland, 165, No. 1 (1962). Printed in Great Britain by Fisher, Knight & Co., Ltd., St. Albans. 

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN-18/OXYGEN-16 RATIO IN SURFACE SNOW AND ICE FROM QUEEN MAUD LAND, ANTARTICA. EUR 163.e

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