Krekeler, Heinz L.

English

Archive of European Integration

....'',.'Bo1ognaCent,croft1ros"r,oororaau*,,""u].i.*-";";i;￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿of the  t":"  O:ti:"" ::1uu"uitr t '. , :  ,, ' ,tt  ;. ti"*.  . .,r,,.i..;.,,;a;,".i.r, .r.-li+.+'''..'..''']'"-v:rv]Julv-Pr'q'|AYvltlrUJ:1lI￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿=ffi**.  ttt-ttt*-ttt*trurbp,ean  integie;tion,'.  :  il::'  .-.:.'  .,'of  ErrroBeanSlor over  a:build::  up  pe16onal.ly,:i;r  j:which  is  whattir4e,I,'.Whnt '  ':  :..;"  :farto'more1                                                                                              e +:.;::;i!iJi.tl.:.:.:r!, :.;-.:theairj.it'.,-t.ii+:i;!-{iil=ntt{.'#',.i#;i#*t#bed;lds,,,thei'=is  probably  anfenublio of  Ggrrnany,  an4 i1  known there  as thCoqnail- of 'luiiniqterb.-  is,m"i;;"iiffi;fn,rai,"iig,,,..s'!}.tqr.q  a-t  { o  gq!  ;,c  h  ar$ 9  t e  n,,o  f ,,t  h.e.'  .C  6ninuniei'  -e .tat* rwrror'gin  d,,,tt  ;Ia;f-i3"fri' *,,,liH;g;'{qonlerm'ite,:rrtt"re,,,1*u.#,lh,",-li1.'i,i  "ii,,l=*u*ut"ffif':.ffSovernments  of  the ru*bu"  .tates rt  "tro;.  i':-i:'+i;s -a,itt11::a.1:a::),.';'itt'i:i1:i-4                                                                                              {..,.'b,!_'::it5                                                                                              t.i . ,'''.'"'lt  ;ii;irr:.,..'=i clone on  tfanuary  1. ,:ttlhen  .Workof,,  theee'.banic  standar:du Uy:ilg,convoked  or rnu-;;il;;;";".Jr-;;;;;  ;;";t.in Ji;t;;u;eoi;l; t'i, tl", ",Juntribs  j ,,'r,;'considerahle  douuts were voJ.ced  as to  whether a task'or,,t',',,." 't*,r.1this  nature  could ,bb oompreiea  tn  the short  ti**  avaiiabl-"  , ', 'f,i-and, in  the  pr,esent, -6ft.t9-..t  knor,,rledge, I t  ts  my rrieur  ,that,.i" ::'rrjr;r 1  .. !:::rli-i'i  ,-:..1ti':herent in  lts  supra-nationar character, ,Ther*  iu  everry '  'uu*,u,,  i",  i-iii;;- ;;;;';;;:-;;;;;;;ri  ;r"  in". -"i ""*,.na_,,  i,EH|1:.*!-i]..:.:]9v;jy:uiL.l:9!F:v,ltru..vrrY:.Er'!ix1J,;tJ;.JIlItl9.It.UoI:::II.l9'oa$+.g'$Ia.n0;.￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿-arde,r'-.rvhfch,  are no*,ib"rrafng  :vri  :f.]1s:i.ter^r,J-tory  lof ,the' ul*' t];'','fi^" t"t^  ' ,.;'  rt-.  .--.'--.t  i 'l  "  ":'':, member  countrleel  would have been impossibS-err  i,f, the:provi.'; "',,;,,,;,j,.'  '  ' .:  .eions  of  the  Treaty  had not  macle  it  imperative  to  clo so1  ,  r  .,.:j.,,l'Je  are  vcry  anxious  to  s-ee  eimir.ar  standaras, aaofted,  onbroadestIpoeeib1e  basLs and.,  ..,tor:  ;vch*e,ve--th'i$-ata;;''.we,.,,dr.et,i,i:Ii++1ili  jr:.j-.i::.;:::;.:::-:.1;:.',  ;6                                                                                              ).  .  1  :  r j{'in  a}L  placeso  Tn the  event  of  ,infiingenents,,igainsrt..-.ttr#,;ffiThe Court  of  Justice  of  the  Communitv ensures  that.icontrol  sn6  l'.,  .'',..inspecti-on *"n bu'  carried  out withoul  irenar*ncu  *t  *.rr ir*""  #;'  ;:.i''+...y.Y  v.Yi-n-'a'11  places..  Ttr the  event'of  ,enfiingenents  a6aeiistt th'""pro-rr:i- ,,  ,,'r€sionsrof  the  Treaty, rel  ing  to  contf;'olr''th'e, go:ln  SttOn,cd,tl:it;  '.i.-,,,r].;self  apply  sanctions.  The'fu]}  inport  of  these p:rovisions can:r,.,'',,:r',.,'r  feeL,  only  be properly  appreciated  J.f the  problem of  exercisi,..::.'ri..i-ing  control  over the  u6e of  nuclear  fueLs is  seen in  a,globali  ,r.,,,:,'.'...ricontext.  !'or  mankind the  question  of  whether itiwilr  one ea"y  fel"''.t,tilpossiblc  to  excrcise  copplqte contrrol over tho use'  of  nuol""" ' I ,'-ttl,fuels  throughout the world  is  a matter  of  the  utnost  i.nportan"u..',..,,  ,r.iThe clifficulties  involved  are  clearty  shown  by  the  n"::::"s  so "' .,i:far  of  the  Geneva  talhs  on the  cessation  of  nuclear:testsi.  ob--:,,,  .,,,,,i_,  ,i,,viously,  unilateral  control  1s.acceptable to no oner rt  is,  ,,  ',',-i,l'hov,reverf  apparently  not  easy to  work out  a  fornuLa  for  a system,",t.,;,.,,,,ijiof  cotrtrol  on a strictly  recj.procal basis.  Hence, it  is  partici  -,,.,.,  ""'ularly  important  that,  wj.thin  the  European Community,,thore  i* ". ,,.lii,.for  the first  time to be a genuine  system  of  contr;i't"'thu  uunuu'-'ttithat  the  corrunissionls inspectors,  irrespective  of  nationality,  ",.''  .',,.,,'',;'*￿*titr  be able  to  carry  out  their  controL  *rru in"nection  auti"s  in,'rtt.i'ltevcrv  countrv  of  the  Conmunity, This vrill  ue * p"oot  ttrai  gr" -,,,',;ii,. -  ,  : -.i._  -l*-r.-:  .  v.._  ___._.vfundamentar  prilciple  *rra,'r  should like: to laddr-itru inri  "on: 't,t1i, '"i,ti' ru-n(ramenEar  prl"rcLpte  ancl? J- should  like  to  add,  the  only  Con-' ',,,,,-i,,r:,'.c;rv1br-e  basis ot * er3uar,  systgm  of contror :-n,this'field., i.a;1,,-,,.i  ii absolute  roc,.pro"rrrl  ,."'n""inr,;;"-;-;;;;;:  i;lj;:ruil;-;;;'1"lr,',;;:"f,; absolute rociprocrtyr  is  perrec,t.ly fe*uibt".  rn sot  uuirrn,'inrt,.,.t,it'::l!:Corrtrluni-ty  will  be rcnderi-ng a:  great  servi:ce 1etr.:gniy'gs,iteelt;.riu.t",i,ii'  ;;,  *:-;;,i;;l:.............,  i  ;nr  ;**iry t ffiffi&+.r,:.:curie  r Fe'ai *,,a-n*r,,,  :tti  ;";-;;  ;;;  ;-;;;  ;t;;t;;;i .. ., tlt '"]'*"'pLoneers -  provi{ed  th;,scteniif,irc  basis  for  srbs:eqrrunt  ,dio*',' l',  ",'..',r'. pr.oneers -  provi4ed  the, ,6ci.entif,ic baeis  for  subser,luen!  de*  ,', .,..i'',r.veloprnents in  this  ficld,  it  iu  obvlous  that. tbq  Un:.tqrl $tatesr,'',,iitGreat Britain  and the Soviet  Union are way ahead.of the  coun-'.i,;;,.,:''r1 ,  ,: ,  |  ..tries or,  'onti";"*.i-il;;;; -;;'';;; ;;;t;=;r-;;;";;;il";-;;-,',':,,"velopment.  Arnong  the  countrieu  of  continantar  Europe;  too |  ;  .li ,,"tthere  are considerable  dtf f  erences in  the  LeveJ.  of  scientific  , ,,':-r.,'Lc+acll-  rf. the couRtries .of..Burope  wish t-o  deveiop a luclear  ig-,1,.r,f1jrlirstry  of  thein  own, it  j-e evid.ent that  they  must titte  aCcountl:r::  i:;,,:.. -.-' .--;v  t---:,'  -  :--:-  *-.YYrl-,-:.;.,,,'-,..,ovrn  interest'and'ttri'.a','sptr*1-,ir,  proto;;;y"p  they muet  *atre.  :  .,''t  ,.'lli!- and  iechnologic,ar  .achievement  :with -,Franco  ::gn:dorup-t'e'd1i  in' :the,', , t-,,,.:,  ". .,,|*tds to us,e  this  rrroncxl ,to,ae.t un "  .lqi"t iBe"e"rrhllconir.u,ln-  ,lu|r,ia  ;:  ,r,:  t..' "  ::Ln;,ri..,  ::  irr  the  field  of  ssienco- and research., The auttror.e,.ff the  Trea-  i. :,-,.,:I of  reseanch  to  be one of  the'moet  iniportant, t""tls.'wftf"rr  the i.  :ti,t'.t','..".  '-t, , :  r  Cornrnunittrq,  through  the r  CommLseion:,  wtll,  have .  to, earrf 'out r, ,  r  ,  r'i'i" -',  .' |; :'::'  '':,,,  ' I,,'';: 19  of  which  are  under  construction  and  14  have  already 'gorru  -  I  ,',  ,-, t.  '_  :  .' ':'''  'muni-ty we eha1l  be in  a position  to  nake an ever-growing  co[-  ,i, .  ,,,:, .vtribution  to  res'earch  devel-opment  in  this  fie1d,  ^.contributl-orl,  i  ,:.,,,, ...' first  place,  havingrl**  it  were, a blrdf s eye view of  the werk ' .,,  ,i-  *--^-j--  -  J.r*^L.:-*  *'o,.  I  ,,"t...'ilt':;.;;:::'.'..￿-i..:1.1rpr,ogress'it.wijLI.baab}e.top1ayapartincoordi4a￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿1}  .:  :  :  .i',.,;r,,,E  and secondly,  by using its  own  resourcea prudently,  it  will  be:  :.:.r,i'., -...-'  'able  to  fill  in  gaps and help to  ooncentrate and inteneify  rej-'l  :,:,,.,.;",., . I  ,'t...,.-''r:,,  .  search  efforts  wherever necessary! . :-  ,',1,,..  , ,,..,I  '..  .. ,  .. ...  .r., ,  .,,.  :,. ,,a '  :  If  the  Community  were soleJ-y  dependent  on its  own  experienc€;  :':, .  r  ,  ,, :  ,,  ..  .t  ,,a*,r,,"iu;il-';  ;;;;";; ;;; ;",,"-*i,,"-';';;;;.--nni'  ;;;;;;'-'  ''  '":i"i.,,..'.r  excrusrve-Ly Eo regeartc$ ror  60me  tame'  to  come.  Ih].E restrlo-  '.,.  .  i,.,.ri'' -''j,Hfrl[t:  ;IJHH:I  ;;:il::;;i  :":L'T  ;ttll,iffiii  ;ir'tf'i  '*ilffi,J;;;"ri ti it*n;;ri;ii*  ri ;?r.,'i",  ;;;il ;,"t -r'[r loli,  ;nri;ii;uiffiil "'-  i ffi f*ffi H*t#rI#;  it{'*  i'u  ::*  i  ffi  iiffi  I.i" --.-.."*$#ffiftfiHfifi,l:r-,, g:e,::i.i;-|':;::;..1.r,,  .l|.,-r'p1ants.':Inthesecond'pxaog.'r.:.sheUnited'.state$Government￿￿ie  proveding  a  L35 rrrillron1dollar  Llne  of  c_redit ,at:a,iate  -i, -:of  4*  16"  L mentioned eartrL'e'r  that  the  agreement.was,Gon-" "  l.ceivedonabasieofreci3lrocj"tyandyouwi11certain].ybeaski,ng yourselveel whet'her.  thl"e assertion  ib.r,eail.y  Jusii-  ,fiable  in  -view of  the  flnarrctaL clauses.'  In,,,my',qpiaio'ni,,1t,,'  '.'. ._ ,,,,:..r.r,,rg,,-ricertainl-y  is.  There ls  no question  of  these  conditione  .1,  ,,i,,i,ri,amountlng  to  nothing  more than.o,  ln€.f,e  :exporte  'subsrfdi,  Our. ,  : '..,,,,,,....  .1,,,',..,ili Ante-rl,can,  f,nloncls are  ful"ly  aware,'that  ,ourlprinc-ipatr  aim  is,  ,  ,r,,,..j,i..,.,;i.,_',,:'gtees  on the  qual"ity  ot. !he-'gu*  .  eJ,ements  .for  these reacta'o;ifhq'idea  of  this  ts  to, remove one of  the  great€st.'ga6tore.  ,qf  uncertainty  in,,aege:serng  the  economic feaeibiJ.*ty'of  the-.  :  :  ' .'Y' '-not  to  produce eloctricity  by mean6  of  a new bechniquer  Oqr ',,,.i',,.11:,intbnti,on  ls  rather  to  buiLd  up a nuclear  ,rtrduetry,:of, nun  ,. ',:,'1.,,',:,r,;iownr a 'fact which we have neverr  attempted'to  coniual"-'  Ir, '  .,  ,'.,t;i'i-lttreiuni;taa'st*tjsr  'ac"a  o"eoita  rond  u*p  rieneei  ,-*  ,;  '. ,,";i'';;iiirealized  that  the  exchange,:of goods between lnauetriaL:na-  I  ' ',,  i1";"i'*ffiiifffi;rrrfiffiiiffi irgtt-11the united  states.  And even i'f  it  **"*  not posn*o#io  ,"*,them economically at  the present  tinre in  Europe, the  "U?_,ration  of  the  same  plants  in  the  united  states  would.;  requiremuch  greater  subsidies  than here.  rf,  therefore,  the  aim i.sto  :build up  experj.enoe in  the  running  of  power "n*"tiuu;  ;;='is  nuch cheaper fo::  the  united  states  to  clo so in  Euro,pe,,,:,,;,,'.,'than at  hone, provided  that  they  do j.n fact: have unrestrictedaccess to  the knowledge  and experience acquired.  From thispoi-nt of  view,  the  financial  provislons  ,n  no vray  prejuai"ethe  reciprocal  character  of  the  Agreernent, they  onry  €r'r,:phasiz,e  the  cornmon  nature  of  the lnterests  i-nvol'ed...  ;' ' , ,unrike  hydro,-electric  or  steam-turbine  stati-ons,  plante  ofthis  sort  are  not  fully-developed  industriar.  ashieuu*"rrfn  ,'ilThey must be coirsldered more in  the  iigirt  of ra flrsti.desj-gnwhi.ch ls  still  very  much open to  inprovern:en!,..,  ,fn,ih'{s,:,ron-..,,text,  the  f reaty  provides  f or  a' 6uru  of  loo,,nr.i$￿;.*lr"""l ',A*,omic  ,,Energy  Comnunitrr in'e'ou*Il  *hro.;... -''.Irnen'tionedear1ientlratwehaveaIeo￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿.'''':,:'ll'l''l.,-::l-':':'^:"'''1..uu'iu1*1.-rt".e'c'ip"diffeJs￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿.  r):::::1:.a...:>. :.:.,:::ii:.4.'  :'  *lit;'*iil"lilnl'i;Imffffiffilii*'ffi:r'rrrii '--"#H$fffif#$ffi#fi;l ;:r.  :: ir i.-'+ i.;.'i.\.,1i.;  il;fi;.1-;''i  ,,'1,., "  ,r''.  '.'.  t:  ;1'. ; , .':-12-:the  fr:ametrork,  of  the. ,OEEO  '6n' I '..,' ltl:'t,"-  developnrent  of ,a Joint  tG-seerch  proj-ect  In  the  fierdi,of  the  gas:cooled  hig.h-temrte:ra':,,=:"ture  re'actoio,'  ,8lghttrr-s*x.Barcent of  the  e*p.naiir",o'  ;l;.t  -'1'.1"-':this. proj:ect:is- to:nu  "-Jrne:.iquart, o" Great riitaio  "na  ".',''..,fiuRAToM,  lThere  is  no joint'prograrn  for  the'const*u"linr,  of,''],'power  reactorso  r  ehould l-ike,  however, to make  i-t  quiteI clear  tirat  the conmiesion  is  very aRxious to  have "u*"to"" 'i.'-- ''f  the  type  developed.  fn'.Engrandl  irG.1  the'gas,cooled  ,typer -.aonstructed  rn  the'donmunity,  and it  is:*y  tiu,  thatr  inadditi-on  to  the  joint  program to  be developcd rvi-th the  united  . r,$tates,  there'is  ample room for  this  possibilityu  The reaso,  ifor  our  interest  in  a prosram pro:'ld!.ng  for  the  trying  orrt of  law1de'rarietyoftypes1ethatwebe1ievethatitissti11too  early  to  aay which reactors  wil1  be beet  euited'to  our:purposesa  Thie  can only  be found  out  through  experi.ence,'  l:  ir  irll  ' .1  i  .:  'l;l-  L3  -  .  "'  :  :  i'-':"='  ' ::  ,,'  .'  :t  .1.'  :t--,it.  t'1.=:, ..  :  :.,1.'.l.j.  :-.::.,,:::;:!:;j.  l.  :.'  -,'.'r'.'l::', :11,,,:r::,i.,,.,,fion  an  assessment  of  future  supply  and  demand. ",1...i.,!,,8-':i1;i-..:  '\:.1{rre  belleve  that  the  priraary  requirement  is  to  provide  a  first.  .':  :-r:i:--''.:.:>:1'::::'::::l:l:  ::-:  .:i'iii-  r  -l:l;j.'-l:,1-. generation  of  reactors  of  the  most  varj-ed. t;4pes  in  order  to  i,:,-,= .  '.::::::"  ',:a: !-l gain  experience.  slhen  1n a  few yearsr  time,  the  first  power  ,.,,.==reactore  prove?  aE we  hope  they  vrilrr  on  the  basis  of  opera-  :,:',.,:'  l::itlng  experience  to  be  competltive  energy  producers  as  coft-  ,  "-'''l€pared' with  conventiongL  selrrces,  the  tirne vrill1 h&r,e come to ',.'&' :: :  ::':j:'::-:;consider  the  share  which  should  be allotted  to  nuslear  energl  . , '. ,:.,,.fi' "  ; 'r  in  the  future  productlon  of  power,  At  the  present  tirnel  it '' '  -,,,:.-not  too  ;".;  ;;-;;;";''";  ; '.  r ,,'.1'  eause the  curuent  crisie  in  the  nining  industry  of  the  Counu-  't.'.:.1'.;:,;,;;  ,nityo  with  all.the  social  repercussions involved., rerrd.era'  ,-  . ;;.: :.-.!:i:. -_. . .:f.  r'  t:.;'-  r:i:-j.,-;.,, , .- ;a  r:a-:.j -  -e  ,  Pvv*s*  I  sl/sr  vuctbltrllti  llf  V()!lIg{lt  feff0.gff,g  , ;,'',':,,;-.,fi.thls  d:Lfflcult'  r  d.o  not think,  hovrever,  that  the present  .:,  ,;:.,,:ffisj.tuat:Lonlvi111eadanyonetosupposethattheprob1.enof.￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿: " 1";1:'::;-');; neeting  Europets  enersy  requirements  will  be  one.  of  d.isposi-ng  ,.  ,,._..,';,r....r,of  eurpluses.  Even though  during  the  past  year  there  tras Oein  ,."'-,,..'-ir,1 -v  s  ---  - {  ---  '--Y_  Ya  period'  of  stagnation  in  tlre  developnent  of  totaL  power  oorr-  ,;.;.,';";,,;, -. ::,,  ,.:i;::+ sumptionj"nanunberofcountries,neverthe1essthespeci.fic:.j.￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿.....:..:  .consumption  of  electrlcal-  energy  continues  to  rise  even  at  ,.,:1.,:  '.:;. |,--  ,.', the,,uprereent  tlme.  lTota!  requirements  will  also  increase  :  .  ,  :,,.,,-,'  ;;.:  ,,.,  ,  I  .i..  : ' .--i".- =-Lv:.  v!.v.v  Ifur-t,her:  in  the  future  ln  spite  of  the  succes6es achievedrby.  .' :,.-.;,".  ,  - **i*-:l:o::"*'*:"t,' 1BO  ltwh and the  Conrnunity:with,1 ,15AB,Kwh  shovrs  what posei-  ''.  ,.'-.r;,t:i'''  ',  4t'l' . ' I ,.i  ,  birlties  are open  to l,ru  r,*i",  uno;i-*"*'to";r.";;-;";-;;;-  . t';1.'',....:ue4xy'more.*ifficurt]to￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿]....'''.'.'...'..'conriae￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿ ', ".  ;;::iffi':l  I;l;  llfuiil:i;ili:ilff;"iil;";ii  ;:.jii#j'''.' *'-'  -'ffi li*fi*#Hl{l}j*#fififfiffi  ffi**t  r  -  "-' i**ffi t*n  *  *"  offirrffffiffit***f*lt**t'*t'* ffiil'ffiiil+ri-il"iii#o  gu ,# ffiI1ay I  in  coucLusion  say'.hovr.g1ad..I  antunity  here  in  ftaly  part'icu1arly,  a member  state  of,ih$rJuropoan Atonia  trnergy  cornmuruity  vieitecl  rtaly  in  ,r.anuarynityr  of givlng  this  short account  ,-l the work,oi ttu'nuiopuin'.t,'1 .',ijCornmunity.  As Sou  knowl the Comuissj.on  o'r ltr"'  ,i'r...','i.t:iithis  year. This visit  confj-rmed  us in  our berief  tha!,rtaly''-it..-,.,,'  ''  '  t' ':1'  ':'l':  :;-1i'1  'iparticularly  alive  to "th9 ,r.ropor,t oe ,,of ,the Europ9a1.-r+atl'ai=,*Li-=f'.i (*+  v v  v.v  errv  .4ulrvr  v.q*trwq  vr  vtts  sr{-r  vys_t?.f..1-.lll;(aq . dila  ,;,,:.:i, ;,,,.,the  talks  l.re had provid.ed,,  eresf, .e'videace'  thal  ,tner^..e-:.., .*a'Uq,n.f.'!s$￿lljral  rr:adiness ,in 'rta ,t'o,'oont;'i&tu 'tnltlr..' jo**on':LlintU.,,1+th,i4:.#larly  gratified  that  provlsion  hae been made  under  ths  EifnATOti",, "r.'l,,t,lir.,i'.--1  .- - - .. l.  :  . '1--:  ::r--':"  r ,.,tr.j,ii,i  i..USa l"greettctrt for  the  construction  of  a large-e caLe pouiei :reai-.':  ,.,..,r.,ritor  in  lta.J-y. I  trust  that  rvith  thie  ddcision  a good start,  hq6 l.  .,:'.1'r.,

Euratom and the regional problem of atomic energy. Draft speech to be delivered at the Bologna Center of the School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins University by Dr. Heinz L. Krekeler, Member of the Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community. Bologna, 16 March 1959

. . . . ' ' , . ' B o 1 o g n a C e n t , c r o f t 1 r o s " r , o o r o r a a u * , , " " u ] . i . * - " ; " ; i ;                                                            
of the t":" O:ti:"" 
::1uu"uitr 
t '. 
, 
: 
,, 
' 
,tt ;. ti"*
. 
. 
.,r,,.i..;.,,;a;,".i.r,
.r.-li+
. + ' ' ' . . ' . . ' ' ' ] ' " - v : r v ] J u l v - P r ' q ' | A Y v l t l r U J : 1 l I                                          
=ffi**. ttt-ttt*-ttt*
trurbp,ean integie;tion,
' .  :  i l : : '  . - . : . '  . , '
of ErrroBean
Slor over a:
build:: up pe16onal. ly
,:i;r j:
which is what
t i r4e,
I, '.Whnt' ': :..;" :
far
to'
more
1                                                          
                                    
e
+
:.;:
:;
i!
iJi.t
l.:.:.:r!, :.;-.:
the
airj.it
'.,-t
.ii+
:i;!-{iil
=ntt{.'#',.i#
;i#*t#
bed;lds,,,thei'=
is probably an
fenublio 
of Ggrrnany, an4 i1 known there as th
Coqnail- of ' luiiniqterb.- is,m
"i;;"iiffi;fn
,rai,"iig,,,..s'!}.t
qr.q a-t { o gq! ;,c h ar$ 9 t e n,,o f ,,t h.e.' .C 6ninuni
ei' -e 
.tat* rwrror'gin d,,,tt ;Ia;f-i3"fri' *,,
,liH;g;'{qonlerm'ite,:rrtt"re,,,1*u.#,lh,",
-li1.'i,i "ii,,l=*u*u
t"ffif':.ff
Sovernments of the ru*bu" . tates rt  " tro;
.  
i ' : - i :
'+i
;s
-a,i
tt
11::
a
.1:a::
),.';'it
t
'i:i1:i-
4                                                          
                                    
{..,.'b
, !_ ' : : i t
5                                                          
                                    
t.i
. ,'''.'"'lt ;ii;irr
:.,..'=i
clone on tfanuary 1. , : t t lhen .Work
of,, theee'.banic standar:du Uy:ilg,
convoked or rnu-;;il;;;";".Jr-;;;;; ;;";t.in Ji;t;;u;eoi;l; t'i,tl", ",Juntribs j ,,'r,;'
cons iderah le  douuts  were  voJ .ced as  to  whether  a  task 'o r , , t ' , ' , , . "  
' t * , r .1
this nature could ,bb oompreiea tn the short ti** avaiiabl-" , ', 'f, i-
and, in the pr,esent, -6ft.t9-..t knor,,rledge, I t ts my rrieur ,that,
.i" ::'rrjr;
r  
1 
. .  ! : : : r l i - i '
i  , - : . . 1 t i ' :
herent in l ts supra-nationar character, ,Ther* iu everry '  '
uu*,u,, i", i-iii;;- ;;;;';;;:-;;;;;;;ri ;r" in". -"i ""*,.na_,, i,EH| 1 : . * ! - i ] . . : . : ] 9 v ; j y : u i L . l : 9 ! F : v , l t r u . . v r r Y : . E r ' ! i x 1 J , ; t J ; . J I l I t l 9 . I t . U o I : : : I I . l 9 ' o a $ + . g ' $ I a . n 0 ; .                    
-arde,r'-.rvhfch, are no*,ib"rrafng :vri :f.]1s:i.ter^r,J-tory lof ,the' ul*' t]; ' ' , 'f i
^ "  t " t ^  '  , . ; '  r t - .  . - - . ' - - . t  i  
' l  
"  " : ' ' : ,member  count r lee l  wou ld  have been imposs ibS-er r  i , f ,  the :prov i . ' ;  
" ' , , ; , , , ; , j , .
' ' 
'. :  .
eions of  the Treaty had not macle i t  imperat ive to c lo so1 
,  
r  
. , . : j . , ,
l 'Je are vcry anxious to s-ee eimir.ar standaras, aaofted, on
broadestIpoeeib1e basLs and., 
..,tor: ;vch*e,ve--th'i$-ata;; ' ' .we,.,,dr.e
t,i,i:I
i++
1il i jr:. j-. i
::.;:::;.:::
-:.1;:.', ;
6                                                          
                                    
).  
.  1  :  r  
j { 'in a}L placeso Tn the event of , infi ingenents,,igainsrt..-.ttr#,;
ffi
The  Cour t  o f  Jus t i ce  o f  t he  Commun i t v  ensu res  tha t . i con t ro l  sn6  l ' . ,  
. ' ' , . .
inspecti-on *"n bu' carr ied out withoul i renar*ncu *t  *.rr  i r*"" #; '  ; : . i ' '+.. .y.Y v.Y
-n-'a'11 .. tr 'of enf ingenents 6aeiistt th'""pro-rr:i- 
,, ,, 'r€
sionsrof the Treaty, rel ing to contf; 'olr ' ' th'e, go:ln SttOn,cd,tl: i t; ' . i .-,,,r].;
se l f  app ly  sanc t ions .  The ' fu ] }  inpor t  o f  these p : rov is ions  can: r , . , ' ' , , : r ' , . , '
r  feeL, only be proper ly appreciated J. f  the problem of exercis i , . . : : . ' r i . . i -
ing  cont ro l  over  the  u6e o f  nuc lear  fueLs  is  seen in  a ,g loba l i  , r . , , , : , ' . ' . . . r i
context .  ! 'or  mankind the quest ion of  whether i t iwi l r  one ea"y fe l" ' ' . t , t i l
poss ib lc  to  excrc ise  copp lq te  cont r ro l  over  tho  use '  o f  nuo l " " "  
'  
I  
, ' - t t l ,
fue ls  th roughout  the  wor ld  i s  a  mat te r  o f  the  u tnos t  i .npor tan"u . . ' , . . , ,  
, r . i
The cl i f f icul t ies involved are c learty shown by the n": : : : "s so " '  . , i :
far  of  the Geneva talhs on the cessat ion of  nuclear: tests i .  ob-- : , , ,  
. , , , , , i_,  , i ,
v i o u s l y ,  u n i l a t e r a l  c o n t r o l  1 s . a c c e p t a b l e  t o  n o  o n e r  r t  i s ,  , ,  ' , ' , - i , l '
hov,reverf  apparent ly not easy to work out a fornuLa for a system,", t . , ; , . , , , , i j i
o f  co t r t ro l  on  a  s t r i c t l y  rec j .p roca l  bas is .  Hence,  i t  i s  par t i c i  - , , . , . ,  " " '
u lar ly important that ,  wj . th in the European Community, , thore i*  
" .  
, , . l i i , .
f o r  t h e  f i r s t  t i m e  t o  b e  a  g e n u i n e  s y s t e m  o f  c o n t r ; i ' t " ' t h u  u u n u u ' - ' t t i
that  the corrunissionls inspectors,  i r respect ive of  nat ional i ty,  " , . ' '  . ' , , . , , ' ' , ; ' *  
* t i t r  be able to carry out their  controL *rru in"nect ion aut i "s in, ' r t t . i ' l t
evcrv  count rv  o f  the  Conmuni ty ,  Th is  v r i l l  ue  *  p "oo t  t t ra i  g r "  - , , , ' , ; i i , .-  ,  :  - . i . _  - l * - r . - :  .  v . . _  _ _ _ . _ . v
fundamentar pr i lc iple *rra, ' r  should l ike: to laddr- i tru inr i  "on: 
' t , t1i ,  
' " i , t i 'r -n( ra Ear l " rcLpte ancl? J-  ou ld   add,  the only  Con- '  ' , , , , , - i , , r : , ' .
c;rv1br-e basis ot  *  er3uar,  systgm of  contror  : -n, th is ' f ie ld. ,  i .a;1, , - , , . i  i iabsolute roc,.pro"rrrl ,."'n""inr,;;"-;-;;;;;: i;l j;:ruil;-;;;'1"lr,',;;:"f,;solute ciprocrty  is perrec,t . ly fe*uibt".  rn sot uuirrn, ' inrt , . . t , i t ' : : l ! :
Corrtrluni-ty will be rcnderi-ng a: great servi:ce 1etr.:gniy'gs,iteelt;.riu.t",i,i i
' ;;, *:-;;,i;;l:............., i ;nr ;**iry t ffiffi&+
.r,:.:
curie r Fe'ai *,,a-n*r,,, :tti ;";-;; ;;; ;-;;; ;t;;t;;;i 
.. 
., 
tlt '
" ] ' * " '
pLoneers -  provi{ed th; ,scteni i f , i rc basis for  srbs:eqrrunt ,d io* ' , '  l ' ,  " , ' . . ' , r ' .r . r  4ed e,  
,6ci .ent i f , ic  e ubs r, lue !  de* , ' ,  . , . . i ' ' , r .
veloprnents in th is f ic ld,  i t  iu obvlous that.  tbq Un:. tqr l  $tatesr, ' ' , , i i t
Great  Br i ta in  and the  Sov ie t  Un ion  are  way ahead.o f  the  coun- ' . i , ; ; , . , : ' ' r1
,  , :  ,  |  . .tries or, 'onti";"*.i-il;;;; 
-;;' ';;; 
;;;t;=;r-;;;";;;il";-;;-,',':,,"
velopment.  Arnong the countr ieu of  cont inantar Europe; too |  ;  . l i  , , " t
there  are  cons iderab le  d t f  f  e rences  in  the  LeveJ .  o f  sc ien t i f i c  ,  , , ' : - r . ,
'Lc+acll- rf. the couRtries 
.of..Burope wish t-o deveiop a luclear ig-,1,.r,f1j
r l i rstry of  thein own, i t  j -e evid.ent that  they must t i t te aCcount l : r : :  i : ; , , : .
.  
- . - '
. - - ; v  t - - - : , '  
-  : - - : -  * - . Y Y r l - , - : . ; . , , , ' - , . . ,
ovrn interest'and'ttri'.a','sptr*1-,ir, proto;;;y"p they muet *atre. : .,' 't ,.' l l i!
- 
and iechnologic,ar 
.achievement :with -,Franco ::gn:dorup-t'e'd1i in' :the,', , t-,,,.:, "
.  
. , , |* tds to us,e this rrroncxl , to,ae.t  un " . lqi" t  iBe"e"rrhl lconir.u, ln- , lu|r , i
a  ; :  , r , :  t . . '  
"  :
:Ln;,r i . . ,  :
:  i r r  the f ie ld of  ssienco- and research.,  The auttror.e, . f f  the Trea- i .  : , - , . ,
:
I  
of  reseanch to be one of  the'moet in iportant,  t "" t ls . 'wf t f " r r  the i .  : t i , t ' . t ' ,' . . " .  ' - t ,  
,
: r Cornrnunittrq, through the r CommLseion:, wtl l, have . to, earrf 
'out 
r, , r , r ' i ' i" 
-
' ,  
.
'  | ;  
: ' : : '  '
' : , , ,  '  I , , ' '
; :  19  o f  wh ich  are  under  cons t ruc t ion  and 14  have a l ready  'gor ru  -  I  , ' ,  ,
- ,  
t .  ' _  :  
. '  
' : '
' '  '
muni-ty we eha1l be in a position to nake an ever-growing co[- , i, . ,,,:,. v
t r i b u t i o n  t o  r e s ' e a r c h  d e v e l - o p m e n t  i n  t h i s  f i e 1 d ,  ^ . c o n t r i b u t l - o r l ,  i  , : . , , , ,. .
. 'f i r s t  p l a c e ,  h a v i n g r l * *  i t  w e r e ,  a  b l r d f  s  e y e  v i e w  o f  t h e  w e r k  '  . , ,  ,
i -  * - - ^ - j - -  -  J . r * ^ L . : - *  * ' o , .  I  , , " t . . . ' i l t
' : ; . ; ; : : : ' . ' . .   - i . . : 1 . 1 r p r , o g r e s s ' i t . w i j L I . b a a b } e . t o p 1 a y a p a r t i n c o o r d i 4 a                                              
1 }  . :  :  :  . i ' , . , ; r , , ,E and second ly ,  by  us ing  i t s  own resourcea prudent ly ,  i t  w i l l  be :  : . : . r , i ' . ,- . . . -
'  ' a b l e  t o  f i l l  i n  g a p s  a n d  h e l p  t o  o o n c e n t r a t e  a n d  i n t e n e i f y  r e j - ' l  : , : , , . , . ; " , .
,  
.  
I  
, ' t . . . , . - ' ' r : ,
,  .  s e a r c h  e f f o r t s  w h e r e v e r  n e c e s s a r y !  
.  
: -  
, ' , 1 , , . .  ,  , , . . ,
I  ' .
.  
. .  ,  
. .  
. . .  
. r . ,  
,  . , , .  
: , .  
, , a'  :  I f  the  Communi ty  were  so leJ-y  dependent  on  i t s  own exper ienc€;  : ' :
,  .  r  ,  , ,  :  , ,  . .  . t  , ,
a*,r,,"iu;il-'; ;;;;";; ;;; ;",,"-*i,,"-';';;;;.--nni' ;;;;;;'-' ' ' '":i"i.,,. . ' . r  exc rus rve -Ly  Eo  regear t c$  ro r  60me tame '  t o  come.  Ih ] .E  res t r l o -  ' . , .  .  i , . , . r
i'' -''j,Hfrl[t: ;IJHH:I ;;:il::;;i :":L'T ;ttll,iffiii ;i
r'tf'i '*ilffi,J;;;"riti it*n;;ri;ii* ri ;?r.,'i", ;;;il ;,"t -r'[r loli, ;nri;ii;uiffiil"'- i ffi f*ffi H*t#rI#; it{'* i'u ::* i ffi iiffi I.i"--.-.."*$#ffiftfiHfifi
,l:r-,,g:e,:
:i.i;-|'
:;::;..1.r,
, . l | .,-r '
p 1 a n t s . ' : I n t h e s e c o n d ' p x a o g . ' r . : . s h e U n i t e d ' . s t a t e $ G o v e r n m e n t    
ie  proveding a L35 rrr i l l ron1dol lar  L lne of  c_redi t  ,at :a, iate - i ,  - :
of  4* 16" L ment ioned eartrL 'e ' r  that  the agreement.was,Gon-" "  l .
c e i v e d o n a b a s i e o f r e c i 3 l r o c j " t y a n d y o u w i 1 1 c e r t a i n ] . y b e
aski ,ng yourselveel  whet 'her.  th l"e assert ion ib.r ,eai l .y Jusi i -  ,
f iab le  in  
-v iew o f  the  f lnar rc taL  c lauses . '  In , , ,my ' ,qp ia io 'n i , ,1 t , , '  ' . '
.  
. _  
, , , , : . . r . r , , r g , , - r i
certainl-y is.  There ls no quest ion of  these condi t ione 
.1,  , , i , , i , r i ,
amountlng to nothing more than.o, ln€.f,e :exporte 'subsrfdi, Our. , : '..,,,,,,..
. .  
. 1 , , , ' , . . , i l iAnte-rl,can, f,nloncls are ful"ly aware,'that ,ourlprinc-ipatr aim is, , ,r,,,..j,i..,.,;i.,_',,:'g
tees on the qual"ity ot. !he-'gu* . eJ,ements .for these reacta'o;i
fhq' idea of  th is ts to,  remove one of  the great€st . 'ga6tore.  
,
qf  uncertainty in, ,aege:serng the economic feaeibiJ.* ty 'of  the
- .  :  :  '  
. ' Y '  
' -
not to produce eloctr ic i ty by mean6 of  a new bechniquer Oqr ' , , , . i ' , , .11: ,
intbnt i ,on ls rather to buiLd up a nuclear 
, r t rduetry, :of ,  nun , .  
' , : , '1. , , ' , : , r , ; i
ownr  a  ' fac t  wh ich  we have never r  a t tempted ' to  con iua l " - '  I r ,  
'  
. ,  , ' . , t ; i ' i - l
ttreiuni;taa'st*tjsr 'ac"a o"eoita rond u*p rieneei ,-* ,; '. ,,";i ' ' ;; i i i
real ized that the exchange,:of  goods between lnauetr iaL:na- I  '  ' , ,  i1" ;
"i'*ffiiifffi
;rrrfiffiiiffiirgtt
- 1 1
the united states. And even i ' f  i t  **"* not posn*o#io ,"*,
them economica l l y  a t  the  present  t in re  in  Europe,  the  "U?_,
rat ion of  the same plants in the uni ted states would. ;  require
much grea ter  subs id ies  than here .  r f ,  there fore ,  the  a im i .s
to :build up experj.enoe in the running of power "n*"tiuu; ;;='
is  nuch cheaper fo: :  the uni ted states to c lo so in Euro,pe,, , : , , ; , , ' . , '
than at  hone, provided that they do j .n fact :  have unrestr icted
access  to  the  knowledge and exper ience acqu i red .  From th is
poi-nt  of  v iew, the f inancial  provis lons ,n no vray prejuai"e
the reciprocal  character of  the Agreernent,  they onry 
€r ' r , :
phas iz ,e  the  cornmon a ture  o f  the  ln te res ts  i -nvo l 'ed . . .  ; '  '  ,  ,
unr ike hydro,-electr ic or steam-turbine stat i -ons,  p lante of
th is sort  are not fu l ly-developed industr iar .  ashieuu*"rr fn , ' i l
They must be coirs ldered more in the i ig i r t  of  ra f l rst i .desj-gn
whi.ch ls sti l l  very much open to inprovern:en!,.., ,fn,ih'{s,:,ron-..,,
text ,  the f  reaty provides f  or  a '  6uru of  loo, ,nr . i$   ; . * l r """ l  ' ,
A*,omic ,,Energy Comnunitrr in'e'ou*Il *hro.;... 
- '
' . I r n e n ' t i o n e d e a r 1 i e n t l r a t w e h a v e a I e o                                                                                      
. ' ' ' ' : ,: ' l l ' l ' ' l . ,-:: l- ' : ' : '^:" ' ' '1..uu'iu1*1.-rt".e'c' ip"diffeJs                                                              
. r):::::1:.a...:>.
:.:.,:::ii:.4
.' :' *lit;'*iil"lilnl'i;Imffffiffilii*'ffi:r'rrrii'--"#H$fffif#$ffi#fi
;l ;:r. :: ir i.-'+ i.;.'i
.\.,1i.; il;fi;.1-;
' ' i  , , ' 1 , . ,  "  , r ' ' .  ' . ' .  
t :  ; 1 ' . ;  ,  
. '
:
- 1 2 -
:
the fr:ametrork, of the. ,OEEO '6n
'  
I  
' . . , '  l t l : '
t , " -  developnrent of  ,a Joint  tG-
seerch proj-ect In the fierdi,of the gas:cooled hig.h-temrte:ra':,,=:"
ture re'actoio,' ,8lghttrr-s*x.Barcent of the e*p.naiir",o' ;l;.t -'1'.1"-
' : this. proj:ect: is- to:nu "-Jrne:. iquart,  o" Great r i i taio "na ". ' , ' ' . . ,
fiuRAToM, lThere is no joint'prograrn for the'const*u"linr, of,' '], '
power reactorso r ehould l- ike, however, to make i- t  quiteI clear t i rat the conmiesion is very aRxious to have "u*"to"" 
' i .
' - -
' ' f  the type developed. fn ' .Engrandl  i rG.1 the'gas,cooled 
, typer - .
aonstructed rn the'donmunity,  and i t  is :*y t iu,  thatr  in
addi t i -on to the jo int  program to be developcd rv i - th the uni ted 
.  
r ,
$ ta tes ,  there ' i s  ample  room fo r  th is  poss ib i l i t yu  The reaso,  i
for our interest in a prosram pro:' ld!.ng for the trying orrt of l
a w 1 d e ' r a r i e t y o f t y p e s 1 e t h a t w e b e 1 i e v e t h a t i t i s s t i 1 1
too  ear ly  to  aay  wh ich  reac tors  w i l1  be  beet  eu i ted ' to  our :
purposesa Thie can only be found out through exper i .ence,
'  l :  i r  i r l l  '  
. 1  i  . :  ' l ; l
-  L3 -  .  " '  :  :  i ' - ' : "='  '  : :  , , '  . : t  .1 . '  : t - - , it .  t ' 1 .=
: ,  . .  :  : . ,1 . ' . l . j
. :-.::.,,:::;:!:;j
. l. :.' -,'.'r'.'l::'
, :11,,,:r::,i.,,.,,fi
on an assessment of future supply and demand. 
",1...i.,!,,8
-':i1;i
- . . :  
' \ : . 1
{rre belleve that the priraary requirement is to provide a first
. 
.': :-r:i:--
' ' . : . : > : 1
' : : : : ' : : : : l : l
: ::-: .:i'iii
- r -l:l;j
. '- l :,1-.generation of reactors of the most varj-ed. t;4pes in order to i , : ,-,=. '.::::::
" ',:a: 
!-lgain exper ience. s lhen 1n a few yearsr t ime, the f i rst  power , . , , .==
reactore prove? aE we hope they vri lrr on the basis of opera- :, : ' , . , :'  l : : i
t lng experience to be competlt ive energy producers as coft- ,  "- ' ' ' l€
pared' with conventiongL selrrces, the tirne vri l l1 h&r,e come to 
',. '&
'  
: :  
:  : : ' : j : ' : : - : ;
consider the share which should be allotted to nuslear energl 
. , 
' . 
,:.,,.f i
'  "  
;  ' r  in the future product lon of  power,  At  the present t i rnel  i t  
' '  '  
- , , , : . -
no t  too  ; " . ;  ; ; - ; ; ; " ; ' ' " ;  ;  
' .  r  
, ,
' . 1
' eause the curuent crisie in the nining industry of the Counu- 't.'.:.1'.;:,;,;; ,
n i t yo  w i th  a l l . the  soc ia l  repercuss ions  invo lved. ,  re r rd .e ra
'  
, -  .  ; ; :  : . - . ! : i :
.  
- _ .  
.  . : f
. r' t:.;'- r:i:-j.,-;.,,
, 
.- ;a r:a-:.j
-  -e  
,  Pvv*s*  I  s l / s r  vuc tb l t r l l t i  l l f  V ( ) ! Ig { l t  fe f f0 .g f f ,g  ,  ; , ' ' , ' : , , ; - . , f i .
thls d:Lff lcult '  r  d.o not think, hovrever, that the present . : ,  , ; : . , , : f f i
s j . t u a t : L o n l v i 1 1 1 e a d a n y o n e t o s u p p o s e t h a t t h e p r o b 1 . e n o f .                
: 
" 
1";1:'::;-');;neeting Europets enersy requirements wil l be one. of d.isposi-ng 
,. ,,._.., ' ;,r....r,
of eurpluses. Even though during the past year there tras Oein ,." '-,,.. '- ir,1- v  s  - - -  -  {  - - -  ' - - Y _  Y
a period' of stagnation in tlre developnent of totaL power oorr- ,;.;.,';";,,;,
- .  : : , ,  , . : i ; : :+s u m p t i o n j " n a n u n b e r o f c o u n t r i e s , n e v e r t h e 1 e s s t h e s p e c i . f i c : . j .                
.....:..: 
consumpt ion  o f  e lec t r l ca l -  energy  cont inues  to  r i se  even a t  , . , :1 .
,: 
'.:;.| , - -  , . ' ,the,,uprereent t lme. lTota! requirements wil l also increase : . , :,,.,,-, '  ;;
. :  , , . ,  ,  I  
. i . .  :  
'  
. - - i " . -  
= - L v : .  v ! . v . v  I
fur- t ,her:  in the future ln spi te of  the succes6es achievedrby.  
. '  
: , . - . ; , "
.  ,  -  
** i*- : l :o: :"* ' * : " t ,
'  1BO l twh and the Conrnuni ty:wi th,1 
,15AB,Kwh shovrs what posei-  ' ' .  , . ' - . r ; , t : i' ' '  ' ,  4 t
' l '  
.  
'  I  
, . i  ,  bir l t ies are open to l ,ru r,*i", uno;i-*"* ' to";r.";;-;";-;; ;- .  
t ' ;
1 . ' ' , . . . . : ue4xy 'mo re . * i f f i cu r t ] t o                                                                                                                                                
].... ' ' ' . '. '... '.. 'conriae                                                                                                                                                                                                 ', 
". ;;::iffi':l I;l; llfuiil:i;ili:ilff;"iil;";ii ;:.jii#j'''.'*'-' -'ffi li*fi*#Hl{l}j*#fififfiffi ffi**t r - "-' i**ffi t*n * *" offirrffffi
ffit***f*lt**t'*t'*ffiil'ffiiil+ri-il"iii#o gu,# ffi
I1ay I  in  coucLusion say ' .hovr .g1ad. . I  an
tunity here in ftaly part' icu1arly, a member state of,ih$
rJuropoan Atonia trnergy cornmuruity vieitecl rtaly in ,r.anuary
ni tyr  o f  g iv lng th is  shor t  account  , - l  the work,o i  t tu 'nu iopuin ' . t , '1  . ' , i j
Cornmunity. As Sou knowl the Comuissj.on o'r  l t r" '  , i ' r . . . ' , ' i . t : i i
th is  year .  Th is  v is i t  conf j - rmed us in  our  ber ie f  tha! , r ta ly ' ' - i t . . - , . , ,
'  ' '  '  t '  
' : 1 '  ' : ' l ' :  : ; - 1 i ' 1  ' iparticularly alive to "th9 
,r.ropor,t oe ,,of ,the Europ9a1.-r+atl'ai=,*Li-=f'.i( *+  v  v  v .v  e r rv  .4u l rv r  v .q* t rwq v r  v t ts  s r { - r  vys_ t? . f . . - l l l ; (aq  .  d i la  , ; , , : . : i ,  ; , , , . ,
the talks l.re had provid.ed,, eresf, .e'videace' thal ,tner^..e-:.., 
.*a'Uq,n.f.'!s$ llj
ral rr:adiness ,in 
'rta 
,t'o,'oont;'i&tu 
'tnltlr..' jo**on':LlintU.,,1+th,i4:.#
larly gratif ied that provlsion hae been made under ths EifnATOti",, "r. ' l ,,t, l ir., i '
. - - 1  . -  
-  -  
. .  
l .  :  
.  
' 1 - - :  : : r - - ' : "  r  
, . , t r . j , i i , i  i . .
USa l"greettctrt for the construction of a large-e caLe pouiei :reai-. ' : ,.,..,r.,r i
tor  in l ta.J-y.  I  t rust  that  rv i th th ie ddcis ion a good start ,  hq6 l .  . , : ' .1 ' r . ,


Euratom and the regional problem of atomic energy. Draft speech to be delivered at the Bologna Center of the School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins University by Dr. Heinz L. Krekeler, Member of the Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community. Bologna, 16 March 1959

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Archive of European Integration

Archive of European Integration