Spinelli, Altiero.

English

Archive of European Integration

Intervention [on the Atlantic Alliance] of Altiero Spinelli at the Bologna Conference. Bologna, April 1961

II,ntersentlon  of  Altlero  tiptnelltrt  theoBolpna ConfcrenceiApttl  1961qs!,il-i#lill3 ffi  iil*;  ;r  m*riii#i  :ffi *-'  ;;,  #  r*'#  ill{ffi#f{$$fill#ffi ,i' ffiill ll*l{lll{lf':lff*lll*lffllffi"  t,naiy,ci'  il"; *n l"i;"; ri"rr;;r"  $ir;,  ;i";;iti*;;:;!lll"*tl-=tilti'.'....st.rr'nl.eaiibceig{an'.A.sercondragfhc.armoet.ctrru1,t"o|o"i"'*rojiini"r't'r'i￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿: ' '.  ., .l- ,-.  -.,,  , '.  ,.:.  .''.,.;-...,,..tj'''..'Auer164.'''l.icl"tlleroccaeion.i".*.uaad9o"..of.Thewcatein.demoeia￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿.'..''.'exPer1enccd.tireee''aventa,}1rnJ't1ngtherrserveetohapuiaiao"act*on￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿.ti:,  ;.  .;,: 1s-lern outlookt nor oapitufatlng,  now  braving fi,ifonc  6r ieinfng  l.,,,.".,,',r,..,Or,,  ,,,,of  belng  hclil,  pareuadedl aa has been v€ry vlell  pointe,d out  by Frofeaso!,i,,  ,  ,  ,r  ,..''..'..}iorgento"u',.'on.,o*'baaiprob1erl￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿;.,'.t,.  , i ::::::".i:  :j:  ::-:  :l :;.::":':.':::  l: :  ^:  :'-  -':-:'::':  :::-"'i' "'-t  of  thfug elugglsh  attitudc  haa,  been ,Ut"-,  .  ,,.,1, .,''.hav1ugbad.o'"","rtRn'o,,*"￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿, ,,,,, the  dtfcnclvG  on  all  fronts.  The  ::rncrglnj  - .  natione  6ivc  uB !  picturc ,,  ,, .,  .1,.,";'  of  thc  belear,laatton  of  ,tirtca,  and of  an i.rrLtation,  ol  an  oftcn  gorlng '"  "  '' ''', Ene  IttICE'nleaEIOn  CtI  :lIDaGEl  anq  OI  an  .lrff.TaErO[r:OI  an  OIEtn  ETORTnEi .  ,  ]  ,.t'  '  boetil  a,.  ,..  .l  :  .  ,':,.,. '.'.  .  -.j.-  :t :.  :, ,  It  ta  not  too  latel  howevcrr  to  uaclertakc  today  ttrtt  ,  :,;  .,,.''.l'..'chingaofleaderah1p1nthcr.ogt￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿nlil*ii."ii*na  ta..ri",tnl, .i"rl, r, , '  ," 't..',,'O  .  of  r-hc ncel.:i.i.:  i... t"-, -:. '--,',,' pr.;;iins:,riei;,  il,rrtt  tllat,::  ::11*  :-::::,:.;!: e:'--  :e,r'F:::i:  -:,. .;:,  ,  .;i...t  . i:.1::r': .:..;l.ll ''  :  :':  .  'r':  '  .. ,:,'::''.,,,-:1.:, .,,  .'  ....  .,.,'... :.  ,,...'.r.1  ,.:.:,',...:.  l'il  ..'  ,,..llliffililfiliifllffiillllllfffi I'￿1                                                          9, .  :  : : :,  ,i'Y{eatern  ayeten  Le  so  great  that  tl".i.e eoncelFn  lti.ra croeeed  the  ocean  Ln  .. :. ...:..  :  tt,ta'..  .';.,1,,itinoing  ;'lurope  also  tg  reflexlon  and queet. i  ' , .  '  : ,,,,.  :i'I..:___:.  :..r:;:.:i.1..madeeithei1nAmeil'caorln.Europe1..Evena8ile8car:￿te6,A.Jlt|e'i'*ni￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿that  he  ras  undertalttng  a  profound  revlsion  of  hie  manner of  tlrj.nklrg. --.:-:..._=af .  .  ....adheredtovhatheeal]'edaprov1eJ.ona1codeofethice,the|Veetatthc￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿present rooraent  baa  a provleional  poilcy  that  it  canuot yet  abandon,  not,,,,,  ,.  ,,jlyet  having arrlved  at  aecing cleanly  rhat  it  nust  thin-i..  of  realtty  and  ,  ,,,,,bor it  conBequcntly  r:ust act.  so long  ae thls  provleional  pollcy  doea ''  - 'j;nof  1t  conBequcntly  +:ust actr  5o  long  ae  this  provleional  poltcy  doe.e ',:':...t;,!.'  .  jt:'not  f iet  too  iona  and doesnrt  car:6e anJr  najor  damageal lt  ie  Ferhapa,rilt'  , ,.,','-=:i:..,,.:ti-.,that  the  queet  for  rleternininc  ideaa  for  future  action  continues  and deep-ctrBr  i'orr  rhen  the  cholces  shall  have bee,r narle and the  preecnt  politicalflutdity  'fhall have been  stabilized,  it  si:  all  no  t.onr(er be  eo  oiaple, bacl: or  to  ehange direction  for  ouite  a phile,  and rcshall  thea  have  to  accept  the  outcone  of  our  declsiona,  gpod or  bad,.I  share  the  polnt  of  view  of  trofessor  lforp;enthau, who seee thccrisLa  of  the  AtLantic  AlJ.la{ice to  be due to  a  continued  beLief  in  theconcepi'.hat  its  eolidari.ty  esnentially  taliea the  form of  a military  alIl.-Q,llC C rTo conal,der FA1O  asand parti.cularly  to  eoneider  thonilitary  forec  l-n the  eoalitloninjuetiec.the  product  of  a  sinple  nrllitar.y  dosign::Unlted  $tatee  sinply  as  tbe  atrongeetrould  be  to  do the  organlzatlon  a  rrelthad.,.a  grcatYIog-had sonnehol  eseaped beirriq subrnerged  untler  the  Nazl  alluviunr.  The  houe ofreeforing  freedom Ln al"l  of  Liurol:e  after  tha'  war prored  ilJ"usory.  $inec'1945,.onIyt.hoee]eountrr{'ce:fr.ead.byAner1c,1,restored.tot}eir1ieo!rl.cs,￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿savedfromsoc.io'-econo,n.ic:eoI}apseanc]!,fctrctedagainstthc$eneceof￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿.:italin,hivi  'been  ahle'!o  foll.ow.'"the road  to  cier::oeraiic r*"onetiuctj.on.,l  ,  4...  -:  : :, ' :  ,. '1.,itABohas.beeutheun11l.tary"*pi.*ouionofefortrrnate*tomentofAmerican￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿'DoJr.ey  ln  wll:ch  the  ntoral  n,,'ed  to  pror:rote end oafeguard  the  t.i.berty  of  r:.'en,  :  .  .:'."  :..ll".' '  -:',. i-:r--'i---:-  :  :has eoupletely  coincldeit  vrith  the  neede of  poflcr  of  thc  Unlted  States.The peoplee  of  rilestern Europa have not  felt  crushed b.v the  enor/roug  f)resenceof  lhe  United  Statee  in  theLr  countriee  beeause  they  have untlerstood thatthe  entorprise  rag  not  bhe begi.nn!-ng,-rf  a new  ernpire but  the conetruetionstrorr5qest  aeguned the  rueatest  reeponsitiilitienonly  to  allow  the'.rea',:est to  get  back on their  feet.  AtL  that  hae rer,ainedof  tlrie  initlal.  iu:puJ-se,  ho,r,,ever,  i.s only  a nilitary  ailiance,The tlsitcrl  Statea', by nniting  its  political  cleatiny with  thatof  iVeetern Europe,  cro'rrg.:t  not  only  tbe  con,ietlon  or  tbe  nred  t,o safe-guard  dcnooracy.  by  u:ater  iat  ard  and nititary  proteetloll  b..i1  alec  twootu€r  attlturles  alffe.rlng  fron  thoss  no!.rilng; 6rat  J.n the  EuropcanpolLtrca.t.  rorldl  Lte  disdain  for  the. eyster,i'of  Suropean ilatioo-i.tates,arrd,  its  avereioh  to  the  :'juroF€&n  stateet  col.oniallan.  The United  :'i1,6g9r,nevertheless,  has  for'ftone enllati-ng  all  the  authorlty  in  ite  eor:'mand  tonake  theee  two attltudes  prevail  J.n  Ettrope.  Cf  eourge it  stande in  favorof  !"iuror:ean  urtityr  but  ]igtleesly  ancl iqcoherently,  using  none of  the  ,r,'.acer  at  its  dispoaal,  alJ.owing;  t!,e Britieh  governnertt  tn  bungle  the  ef  orte  , ,-Jl-bp ite  nat'ure couldnr t  lnsti8ate  any wave of  antinationalLubs'Lance  in ,hi"ufoF€.  And,  when the  enterprise  falleC,  tbe  Ameriea.n goyetnment  annrruneedant|agonizing'reappraiaaJ.''yhichconsigteriegsent1a11ytnaccar,irngthe-￿￿rule  of  nationa-l  soverel-gnt5.eg  !n  Europe wlilrout  .:uest.J.:n.!'n European affaira,  ih  hae not  evqn proposed any  su5f.reriti  -ne regard,lngeolonial  rttattere,  It  ehould  have derrranrled  the  transforrnatj-on of  colonlal  ,:etnplree lnto  }ong-tern  nanclaLee.  iriha-t  wae thought  to  be  possibie  forr --,-t  -r  -r  r  t  ^ t  'ItalLan  $onalit.ancl ehou.l.l have been the  general  rule  for  aLI  Eyropeancapitals. ',-'h€ llnited  ':tates:  on  the  conbrafyr  accepted  the  ful.l  l.oad '  'of  t'iuropean  colonial-is[t  nitlrcut  t]re eli6]rteet  quesLion,  tal;intr  lpoa  ltselftrintee  that  were not  of  its  orn  dotng.  ',ilaving  forlone  maltLng  the  .^'ost  of  the  prlncS-r:Iee that  rere  su-i.t-'able  to  ite  orzn  tra.dJ.ttons and to  tbe  needa of  a.urolean  denoeral.icstrueture  J.n  Line  rlth  the  presenf, world,  the  llnlbed  States  hae ecrtainlyugrholf the  der*ocra+.ic  rlgbte  of  ,reetern luropet  but  der:ocracy no lonrentse:ns  the  rray of  life  non attalned  by  na.ri;  of  oankjnd. h.rt ultlnately  destinedto  becorae  the  ray  uf  life  of  all  hunanity.  It  bae a:rleared  inr.'reasinqlyas  the  soft  and,philistine  wg,y  of  llfe  of  bhe prlvi,loged  claeep-s of't,Iiorth  Amerlca and of  f.'eetern ilurope.:::,o..'raatter..i']ei..the.'ieaud1irb1t..iaeantico,tiltluii.at,"i,."ehei],'.as.fasc.iet.sr,.';.i'￿￿￿￿￿￿then1, no r'ratter  vhat  re6i.me, lhat  party  or  rhat  Broulr that  eaLled  itslelf.tantlcomnru'.ies,  whether  the  rr:ost  rotten  or  the  ftost  reacr-:onary  on errth,  'heg been'able  to  eottnt on  rnerlean proteetion,  inciuding  fz.aneo, salazar,': -,  -.1.,.t'￿,'Chiang-Kai-ehck  ,  Henderea,  ete.:In  i?esterg Eurooe,  AnerLcane have been able  to  eor.rnt  on the  friend__ Qr...  rt  <t r. ". ,*.  ,f..' n- ' ,  .shlp  of  nationat i*diiiil*JJ[trn"*  e-o  t ong .e  ihore sere reek,  but cLt,hin  ]each country  in  Europe,  their  frlentle  have bccome  inereasingty  the  e6nger-vat,lve  elenent,  for  rhon  che linlged  Stateg  representa  a  ftuat"antee  ofconBervatLsn and rehabiLitation.  For  lren of  progreser  a g;raat effort  ofi:soodi:rt1}?a8noce8sary';.1:lii*u;H￿*ge*dx*J;::1,.b￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿under  these  circumstances  therc  ie  noth.:ng surpriai.ng  in  the  faetthat  the  Atraniic  Alliance  has obeyed only  the  refLex  of  military  defenae,and  that  it  entered  the  crleia  fron  the  nonent  that  the  problem wae noLonger  primarLJ.Iy  nilltaFf  oInorder|oerereiefronthtecrieig,tt1spreciae1ythc￿general  concept  of  the  etrulSgle  for  dernocracy that, nust  be ehgnlgad.I  ehare  thc  oiiinion  of  tir.  l,forgenthau concerning  a  nolicyfor  tbe  Comrnunlet  r:orld  and  for  the  eirelglgr8 natione,  I  ehorrld llke  toadd only  that  i^n the  ftrnt  !.netance]  lf  one n'ar:terl:.o try  t,o inereaee\"g)the  ehaneee for  aucce6s of  {tteralizi.ng  current  at  w.rir  in  the  comnunisttorldr  lt  would  ire aultable  ( ttrta  being  eqnally  applieable  to  t,he organiza-ll"on  of  an effectlve  defenee)  io  end ae rapidI1.  ae Fosglbl.e euch false ',condlttons  aE tbe  non-recognition  of  thc  Gernan Dernoeratie ,.anqbltcl  tbcOder-UeLsge frontier  and of  flomrrunlet Cblna.  The iTeet lnuat sr.qlntaLn. O the  nilitarf  protection  of  i'rcet Berlln  and be ready  to  clefend its  llbertv.1.:,.....'..''.'buttt.1luiet.for'get,.the:1idei￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿, .lt  ,t, ttt-:,  t '-,  t  ;ri':  . -tti'i'  ''-'j'ij;i'i'  .';',o"il  lt,  it  ceases to  be a militarylr:."r  of  chJ.aing-Kai-shekie ana *  Jt"rt-  , ,,: . .t";  p,'i"t  for  an ir'i;osoible  reconquest  of  ^hina.  Forrriosa  rrust elther  '' '' ,'Qui1.krr seeh a  fortn of  dernocrat,lc  politieat  llfe  that, run  nroue effeett""iy',::;.'  ...,.',t.f.it.'...i,i::.:-l:::  .:1. ;::i-i.'.;  ,..::.  lthat,the  rropulat:ion doee not  ryJ.gh  to  be atisorbed into  co*iniunist /rhLnar or"  lg.Jelse (nat  bE sorthy  of  being  eupporteC.In  t!:e cane of  the  energLng nat.:i-ona,  lt  ie  not  enough  to  aeeele-atd  and to  recognLae bhe rigihta  toatiIl  neceeelrry to  end the  iradiiion;i.  ableratd  decolonl.zation-  to  give  eeonornJ_c''neutral.ity  of  theee  countriee,  it  isaoJldarlty  that  linlte  the  governrientsbllg colonial  capltaliste  and  to  tribalcolonfes,  for  neoealonialLsilr is  eonnoeedof  !h"  for:ner  capltaLe  to  gqoupeofoi  fetrdal  forceg  of  the  forcrerprecisely  of  such .bonrls.i,sst  nusl  be reorganiaed  to  bc t'he queet:on  arisee  of  hoe il.reto  eonfront  6uch taeks:If  the  burrten of  resporrsib  lity  of  :.jestern polj,cy  was alrircetent:irely  that  of  bhe [lnlted  Statea  fron  19!r.5  to  LgSr.  because t}e  iuroneanstatee  coulcl only  concern  theneelvee  witb  g;etting  backtodal',  on the  other  hand, Heetern rurope  has once againassuning  lts  part  of  the  reenonsi.btrityr  rt  cannot  doon  thetr  feetgbecone  canabLe ,ofso  r  horcev*r,  so ,longas it,  ha.snrt overcont  the  principle  of  the  itation-State.fbere  is  considerable  talk  of  transfarnring  the  ritlantie  Fact  intoan  Atlantic  Conrnunlty to  heen a1L these  eoutrtrj.eg to6ether,  and,  beeausetlie  ti'rut  J-s vr'ry  anbtrlreus,  the  idea  hae been ap_e,--ified  Ln  the  recentAnerj.ean electoral  canpaLgn in  eayiag  that  an atfantic  ederation  nuetbr  eetabliehed.FJhether  cal.1ed  comarunity  or  confederat:i.on, the  rrrohj-en  stlrl: Such a  ilornula  ic  not  a  altutLon  but  anoti'.er uay of  expreseio,".,,  ,1,,.1.,rhat  elready  exista.  The  Atlantic  AllLancc  has  bee.n fron  its  bif,th  an . ,,  I  , ,assoel'ation  ef  eozereign  statcsl  havirg: aei l,urposc the  creation,or,,*,co$non  ide'fe;sc in  *uropi,  differing  frorn tradttiorr"i  ajrlanecs  :l"n  io"ttji  *t.it;*'  , r., . l':lr::r;:.::..''l  -  '  Y u  ::  ,r.;,,_,:.,:  : .,,-.r..,,.,beeone active  onty  iu  thc  instnaee  of  rar,  but  that  lt  trl,ee  t-o eoordj,nate'autual  'def,rnac in  eetablishl.ng  eonnon nilitary  uervtee  !.n r eacetl.rne. r ike ' ' , ,all  aseociations  of  statce  throughout  bnila:$atory,  it  ..aB furrettonnedso  loag  as  the  caEEoE FEFEoae  rae  as€crted  abeoiutell,  and tha  aseociatj,onrqcrrulcd  unquesttonably  by  one  Row?r alone.  Frofi  thc  rnonent that-  th?Ee -tro  ccndl'tions  ceaeed  to  exist,  the  -rtlantLc  Asaoeiati,:n  began to  dlnLntc-gratc  becs-use  of  the  eentrifugal  tendencLaa  &rra"terLetic  of  the  entlc' 'Eroup  of  sorereign  stateg.  ,''  T9 continue  tlinklng  alon6  theee  lines  roul.d  signify  ranfing  tonaintaia  .be  Prescrrt  inpotenee.  lbc  Onited  $tetes  uce6  nueh of  lte  energyln  trying  to  l:cep up  its  functios  of  teeden  in  Curopc,  rhile  the  Eulroiaea!statea  eiet used  to  beli.eving  that  the  major  responsibil.ttiee  belong  to  thcir+o]atrongest  partner,  and  try  to  eaeh ri.sLatrllsh  a  epeclal  aeaociati  .n nitht  e ut.,r/J.rrn-tha  leadcrr  at  tbe  sa*"e tlna  usin6  eael,. favorab}e  oceaeion  to,e*j*C.'6a.arrr-irg  tire  r€q-u€EtB of  i,he guidi.ng  country  and  to  ruraue  their  partieularinterestcoIt  ia  e  fact  ttiat  today,  tlie  TJest  coneiete  of  tro  nclitieal,nl"lLtary  and econoraLc  eenterar  thc  Unlted  Statee  and f,cstern  Eurone.  ,Ihrt^{'e  ..'o  ,J.shte  c;itain  dutlcal  of  prinary  irrporta[ee.  a  poXlef  -  . it[6  Oonrnuniat,'.$1.11(+"*rorld  aiunlng  to  hold  ita  oru  agaLneti  $-nffitarllf,  but  alao  capable  oflnspiring  ll.beratizlng  tendencLes  *ithln;  eeeonit}y,  aid  to  emergi.ngnations  in  the  hope of  tacreaelng  ehanees for  t'nei.r  de,relonoent  tovardt' , .  ,,  . ,  . '1.:: ,  .1',  -,  :1.r,:.  . ,:,  ;...,,,.,;,,  ,..,.. -:. ...t ' ,' t1;:'- '. -  'iat.t I troarems *ucrr  ae bbat  f  rhe,e  ror,  of  rhe l,"$.oi  ?ha *"uj;i;#-,'.'ir'""':.  ,.,.t '"  I .  :.  ,..:.  .  .':...:...nu6tf.+Jse..above.,theideaoftbel;atton-stateuhichleventoday.,preventa.￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿''￿]d"'o."..yattheEuropean1eve1.Tbetin1teristateeiraetheprobIenof]......;1i.:..good-neighbor11neeg.l{thtatinAruer1ca1theFuropeanstat,ea,lithAfirjca..￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿'':, ' Fho  r,ri{}arl  cl+^!^-  -r.-!  r--a  s The unl-ted $tatee  ctust hoLd its  or.rlr  againet  the  darger'of  a poeeiblc:r6Fof  rocketa  and  atomie  borlbe,  Europe,  a.qainst  poseLble  conventiorial-  !&?r.., $g)s-r,se  yvePrv{q  Lvl:YgllulLs a continental  etrr.retur.e for  governrnental reforns''".'  that  it  h':.e  no reason  to  nodifyi  Eurcpe is  rlivided  and restlo*:a  beceuse ''  :of  t!:e need to  overeome  ti:ie  divlej.on.',."r  the  I'i.et of  differeneee  could be eglargedr  but  it  le  already  ,  . -  c--.  -  --,-.,euI'ficient  to  demone-rate that  the iteet nuet  logj.cally  be organized Ln ttot"'1 };ol'l.tieaL  centere  having  very  atrong  but  lndepenrlent bonda cf  solidarity  . '"^.rr,.J  betreen  thenr...-  -.:.Ifre.wiehtogtatethevlro].etruthggrrcernirl6t}remi]"1.Lary￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿'."  preaenlc  of  the  t'aited  ota.tes in  Euror:g, ;s  r:ust  firet  eetablla[  tr:at, it  .'  ie  tliniatshln6ly  neeeeea:ry  fol  reagoua of  nl.lltar"v  ntrategy,  but  contj.nuee  ,, ',.,  sti1t  and l-nereuoingly  tc  be necesaary becaur:g  lL  ecnstitutes  the  only ':.;..:'i  On the  one hand, it  g{vea Eurppc confidencel  but  on the  other,  it  createe  :.]'.aconttnualfee1in5offruetratjonarrdirreapona5"h11tty.Itkeepethevarir,uB],.'t'.,  countriea  united  hut  etiJ.l  €ncouragee eaeh to  follw  its  partLcular,,'  .  natlonal  taye,Baradoxicall.y,  tt  J-s  Atnerical6  partdeit  probeetorate  that  :".,1  al.Iotre England  to  conslder  lteelf  a'1:art fron  Europe,  France  to  pretcnd  a-'-a^-.-  --l  ^^------  a-  l---*  -a  ----rr  -  --t  --  ..,,,.,.-  , rcturn  t-o natlonal  grandeur  and Gcrnanlr to"drearn  of  nertj.onal reunt,firation,  i  :;:,.,  -i-i -..!.1:lI  .,1-.r  .:.  ,..r..':;+  ..::.  -.1:.'::.!f:;,1.'Y,,-,:,.-'-.  rhich  Ls  l=ta  ldea  of  grand?urr  . :  ,,i  - ,  . i  ;"i:'i.,ltt'  . t  wii+vfr..,;;t,.,; l.  r'.:...  i..:of  sov$n,nationil.  etatpe  and, luickrr atlll.  the  iorn  of  true. rcacral E -'to  avo!-d accontpllshlng  thte  etcp  nhieh  rrould be  the  aa]:rablon  af  Europc  , .'-_-.-'-.--but  also  theLr  ovn reductl.on  to  the  level  of  re6ional  norers.  I,ubll.c  opL=nlon  ln  Europc atreo realizel  thte  neceaaLty but  finda  dlfficulty  in  trana-lating  thie  feeling  into  polltical  act!.on bacauae political  ltfe  lslocked  up ia  the  vlce  of  natlonal  forne  of  governtnont, ln  par  tLea  no leasthan  ln  tnsttlutl"one  cal.J.lng to  the  atatc  for  neeesear1r  reforma.The a.oliratioa  to  unity,  horever,  e,':igte today  in  llurope,  It  haarecently  been nanlfested  a'raln  in  a motion  eubmittcd  not  long  ago to  ttcItall'an  Farlianrent  b.y  n grouF of  denutlee  who invlte  the  governrrent topropoee  the  convocation  of  a  Europcan constituenthis  asplration  exlgte.  ft  can haver  fer  or  fiany chancee,  but  itie  Europels only  chancc, Ualesa it  is  reallzed,  I  eee only  an irreverelblcproceos  of  downfall  for  democracy rhich  ehal.I J.n the  1ong  run  lncludaAner!.qa.The United  States  no  longer  hae  the  aulhcrity  Lt  hail ten  yearsa8o Ln  Europe.  ft  stlll  has enough to  offer  ao that  the  future  of  ,,yettcrnSurope  rould  be  turned  to  fcderal  unlty  rather  than  baeh to  outdated  catioa-all.an.fhe  Untted  State!  ean ex5r.lain  that  Lt  wouLd intervene  if  ,Europllere  thc  victln  of  aggreeiion,  but  that  it  no longcr  eecumee  the  duty  ofits  defensc.  It  can help  end the  legend  of  Oerrnan  reunlfleatJ.on,  J.t canoease oupporting  Fnanco and lt  ean declare  ltaelf  for  an l.ndependentAlgeria.Europe woul.d  then  be obligeri  to.i.rbancion  ite  preaent  etate  ofilreaponsibl1.ttyra[dl.nitaownl.nt.araettoundertaii:ethe:creatjonofthle                                                         9

Intervention [on the Atlantic Alliance] of Altiero Spinelli at the Bologna Conference. Bologna, April 1961

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