Academic blog sites are popular academic information exchange platforms, and they have been widely used in recent years. Blogs in those sites are often annotated with tags, and the tags can help to describe, organize and retrieve these blogs. However, it is still unknown what types of tags are frequently adopted for annotating academic blogs. In this poster, we present survey results for detecting the usage of tag types, and its changes with the bloggers' demographic information. We believe that our study can benefit users in their access to academic blogs and help the academic blog websites improve their services

Chi, Yu

He, Daqin

Li, Lei

Zhang, Chengzhi

Zhang, Danchen

IDEALS @ Illinois

Types of Tags for Annotating Academic Blogs

Academic blog sites are popular academic information exchange platforms, and they have been widely used in recent years. Blogs in those sites are often annotated with tags, and the tags can help to describe, organize and retrieve these blogs. However, it is still unknown what types of tags are frequently adopted for annotating academic blogs. In this poster, we present survey results for detecting the usage of tag types, and its changes with the bloggers’ demographic information. We believe that our study can benefit users in their access to academic blogs and help the academic blog websites improve their services

He, Daqing

D-Scholarship@Pitt

Types of Tags for Annotating Academic BlogsLei Li1, Daqing He2, Danchen Zhang2, Yu Chi2, Chengzhi Zhang11Nanjing University of Science and Technology2University of PittsburghAbstractAcademic blog sites are popular academic information exchange platforms, and they have been widelyused in recent years. Blogs in those sites are often annotated with tags, and the tags can help to describe,organize and retrieve these blogs. However, it is still unknown what types of tags are frequently adoptedfor annotating academic blogs. In this poster, we present survey results for detecting the usage of tagtypes, and its changes with the bloggers’ demographic information. We believe that our study can benefitusers in their access to academic blogs and help the academic blog websites improve their services.Keywords: tag types; blog tagging; social tag; academic blog; academic social mediaDOI: Citation info is to be added.Copyright: Copyright is held by the authors.Acknowledgements:This work is supported by the Major Projects of National Social Science Fund (No. 16ZDA224).Contact: lileiwelldone@gmail.com; dah44@pitt.edu; daz45@pitt.edu; yuc73@pitt.edu; zhangcz@njust.edu.cn (correspondingauthor. +86-84315963)1 IntroductionSocial tags have been widely used for annotating various kinds of online resources, such as blogs, pictures,books, videos, and music. The tags can help users in online resources retrieval and organization. Previouswork showed that tags can be divided into many types, and they proposed plenty of tag type taxonomies foronline resources of different kinds, e.g., book (Golder & Huberman, 2006; Wu, He, Qiu, Lin, & Liu, 2012),movie(Sen et al., 2006), TV program (Melenhorst & Setten, 2007) and URL (Xu, Fu, Mao, & Su, 2006). Andthese studies also confirmed that knowing tag types can enhance the effect of the tag recommendation (Xu etal., 2006) and resources search (Bischoff, Firan, Nejdl, & Paiu, 2008).Academic blog website, which supports scholars to share and to acquire academic related informationthrough the posted blogs, has emerged in recent years(Li & Zhang, 2016). Few studies, however, haveinvestigated the tag types of the academic blogs, which are created by academic bloggers. Moreover, thetag type taxonomy is context-sensitive, which makes it inappropriate to apply the existing generic tag typetaxonomy to the tags of academic blogs. Furthermore, it is still unknown what kind of information theacademic blog tags convey. In this study, we combine the tag type taxonomies proposed by previous studiesand the unique characteristics of blog tags to propose the tag types that are applicable to academic blogs.To achieve this goal, a survey instrument is adopted to explore the types of tags that are preferred by thebloggers for annotating academic blogs.Through understanding the tag types used by bloggers for academic blogs, a tagging system couldrecommend proper tags to the blogs that still need tags. The users of the blog site thus has opportunities tomore effectively access the relevant blogs, which could be a significant factor that influences scholars to bemore actively engaging in academic social networks (Bik & Goldstein, 2013).2 Method2.1 Research siteWe chose blog.sciencenet.cn1 to send the questionnaires. Blog.sciencenet.cn is one of the most popularacademic blog sites in China, and its registered users all have to provide real names, research institutions or1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceNet.cniConference 2017 Li et.aluniversities, and research fields. The majority of its users posted academic blogs to communicate with others,and the author of each blog assign tags to his/her blogs.2.2 SamplingBefore sending out our questionnaire, we conducted a sampling on the users. Our target users are those withmany tagged blogs because they have rich tagging experience, and they log in the website more frequentlythus have a greater chance to reply our questionnaire. We crawled each blogger’s webpage, which includes theblog visited times, number of friends (#friend), number of blogs (#blog), registration time, last visited time,and last published time. In total, we collected 44,509 bloggers’ information. Then based on the bloggers’number of published blogs, we selected top 5,000 bloggers. After further manual checking on whether thesebloggers indeed tagged academic blogs, we finally identified 4,111 bloggers to send our questionnaire.2.3 Questionnaire designThe questionnaire aims to investigate bloggers’ demographic information and their blog tagging behaviors.The demographic information is used to detect the association between the blogger’s basic information andthe types of tags she uses.Guided by the tag type taxonomies in previous work(Xu et al., 2006; Golder & Huberman, 2006;Melenhorst & Setten, 2007; Sen et al., 2006; Bischoff et al., 2008; Heymann, Paepcke, & Garcia-Molina, 2010),we classified the tags into four types, namely content-based tags, context-based tags, subjective tags andorganizational tags. Then according to the characteristics of the blog, survey items of each tag type wereproposed. Table 1 shows the survey items belonging to the above four tag types.In the questionnaire, firstly, bloggers were asked to answer the question about their demographicinformation which includes the blogger’s discipline, education, gender and age. Then base on their taggingexperience,the bloggers were required to rate their preference of using the tag types (showed in table 1) forannotating the blog. They can rate each tag type with a Likert scale from 1 to 5.Tag types ID ItemsContent-based tags T1.1 Describing the blog topic, and existing in the blog’s contentT1.2 Describing the blog topic, but not existing in the blog’s contentT1.3 Describing the blog topic, and existing in the blog’s titleT1.4 Describing the categories of the blogContext-based tags T2.1 The blog’s publisherT2.2 The blog’s published timeT2.3 The blog’s published locationT2.4 The source of the blogSubjective tags T3.1 The opinion to the blogOrganizational tags T4.1 Self-organization tagsTable 1: Survey Items for the Tag Types3 Results3.1 ParticipantsLaunched from 09/16/2013 to 05/30/2014, 499 questionnaire responses were received, and of which 444questionnaires were completed. The following analysis is based on these 444 questionnaires. Table 2summarizes the demographic information of the participants.2iConference 2017 Li et.alDemographic information Options N/%Gender Male 387 (87.2/%)Female 57(12.8/%)Age 21-30 211(47.5/%)31-40 172(38.7/%)41-50 51(11.5/%)Above 50 10(2.3/%)Disciplines Engineering and technology science 178(40.1/%)Natural science 178(40.1/%)Humanities and Social Sciences 43(9.7/%)Medical Science 28(6.3/%)Agricultural science 17(3.8/%)Education Master candidate 55(12.4/%)Master 94(21.2/%)Doctor candidate 102(23.0/%)Doctor 193(43.5/%)Table 2: Demographic Information of the Participants3.2 Usage of tag typesTable 3 shows the 444 participants’ usage of tag types for academic blogs. The top three tag types all belongto the content-based category, which are the tags (1) existing in the blog’s content, (2) existing in the blog’stitle and (3) describing the categories of the blog. Meanwhile, the context-based tags that annotate the blog’sauthor, published time and published location are less used.Tag types Items 1(low) 2 3 4 5(high) MContent-based tags T1.1 8.6% 14.9% 21.4% 32.9% 22.3% 3.45T1.2 18.9% 28.8% 32.2% 16.2% 3.8% 2.57T1.3 5.9% 14.6% 31.5% 35.6% 12.4% 3.34T1.4 7.7% 16.4% 34.2% 33.3% 8.3% 3.18Context-based tags T2.1 35.6% 27.7% 23.0% 9.9% 3.8% 2.19T2.2 44.1% 22.7% 20.3% 9.2% 3.6% 2.05T2.3 43.9% 27.3% 17.3% 9.7% 1.8% 1.98T2.4 18% 20.0% 22.7% 23.9% 15.3% 2.98Subjective tags T3.1 20.3% 22.1% 30.0% 21.6% 6.1% 2.71Organizational tags T4.1 12.4% 20.0% 30.4% 28.6% 8.6% 3.01Table 3: The Usage of Tag Types3.3 Comparison the usage of tag types on different bloggersThe association between the blogger’s demographic information and the usages of the tag types is reported inthis section.To find the gender’s effect, ANOVA test was conducted. We find that female bloggers have thesignificantly stronger will to use the self-organizational tags to annotate academic blogs (F=7.098, p<.01).But there is no significant difference on the usage of other tag types between genders.ANOVA test also shows that the younger bloggers with under 41 years old, in comparison with olderbloggers, have the significantly higher preference to use the tags that describe the blog topic but do not existin the blog’s content (F=8.782, p<.01). Meanwhile, these younger bloggers also have a significantly higherprobability to use the tags for annotating the blog’s published time (F=7.652, p<.01). Other types show nosignificant difference among age groups.3iConference 2017 Li et.alFurthermore, through conducting ANOVA test, we find that bloggers with master degree or beingmaster candidates, in comparison to those with doctor degree or being doctor candidates, are more likelyto use subjective tags (F=10.009, p<.01) and the tags for annotating the blog’s published time(F=9.268,p<.01). No other statistical difference was found across user’s education levels. Similarly, ANOVA test showsno significant difference across the user’s disciplines.4 Discussion and ConclusionIn this work, we explored what types of tags bloggers use for annotating academic blogs. To our knowledge,this is the first study that detects the tag types employed in academic blog platform. The results implythat tag types that describe the blog content, including those existing in the content and the title of a blogare more preferred by the blogger to annotate the academic blog. Tags that annotate the blog contextinformation, such as the blog’s author, published time and published location, are less used. Based on thetag types’ preference for academic blogs, the academic blog website can improve the bloggers’ satisfactorywith the tags recommendation.This study also give us the evidence that not all tags are equally useful for different users. Forexample, the female bloggers are more willing to use self-organizational tags. The bloggers under 41 yearsold have the significant higher preference to use the tags that describe the blog topic but do not exist inthe blog’s content, and the tags for annotating the blog’s published time. These findings imply that the tagrecommendation should distinguish the bloggers demographic information to be conducted.Future work includes studying the other factors that influence the academic blog tag usage, such asthe time effect and the platform effect. Finally, we will try to apply our findings to the academic taggingsystems to provide the bloggers with better service.ReferencesBik, H. M., & Goldstein, M. C. (2013). An introduction to social media for scientists. PLoS Biol, 11 (4),e1001535.Bischoff, K., Firan, C. S., Nejdl, W., & Paiu, R. (2008). Can all tags be used for search? In Proceedings ofthe 17th acm conference on information and knowledge management (pp. 193–202).Golder, S. A., & Huberman, B. A. (2006). Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems. Journal ofInformation Science, 32 (32), 198-208.Heymann, P., Paepcke, A., & Garcia-Molina, H. (2010). Tagging human knowledge. In Proceedings of thethird acm international conference on web search and data mining (pp. 51–60).Li, L., & Zhang, C. (2016). Characterizing users tagging behavior in academic blogs. In Proceedings of the16th acm/ieee-cs on joint conference on digital libraries (pp. 215–216).Melenhorst, M., & Setten, M. V. (2007). Usefulness of tags in providing access to large information systems.In Professional communication conference, 2007. ipcc 2007. ieee international (p. 1 - 9).Sen, S., Lam, S. K., Rashid, A. M., Cosley, D., Frankowski, D., Osterhouse, J., . . . Riedl, J. (2006). Tagging,communities, vocabulary, evolution. In Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on computersupported cooperative work (pp. 181–190).Wu, D., He, D., Qiu, J., Lin, R., & Liu, Y. (2012). Comparing social tags with subject headings onannotating books: A study comparing the information science domain in english and chinese. Journalof Information Science, 0165551512451808.Xu, Z., Fu, Y., Mao, J., & Su, D. (2006). Towards the semantic web: Collaborative tag suggestions. InCollaborative web tagging workshop at www2006, edinburgh, scotland.4

Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository

Types of Tags for Annotating Academic BlogsLei Li1, Daqing He2, Danchen Zhang2, Yu Chi2, Chengzhi Zhang11Nanjing University of Science and Technology2University of PittsburghAbstractAcademic blog sites are popular academic information exchange platforms, and they have been widelyused in recent years. Blogs in those sites are often annotated with tags, and the tags can help to describe,organize and retrieve these blogs. However, it is still unknown what types of tags are frequently adoptedfor annotating academic blogs. In this poster, we present survey results for detecting the usage of tagtypes, and its changes with the bloggers’ demographic information. We believe that our study can benefitusers in their access to academic blogs and help the academic blog websites improve their services.Keywords: tag types; blog tagging; social tag; academic blog; academic social mediaCitation: Li, L., He, D., Zhang, D., Chi, Y. & Zhang, C. (2017). Types of Tags for Annotating Academic Blogs. IniConference 2017 Proceedings, Vol. 2 (pp. 138-141). https://doi.org/10.9776/17328Copyright: Copyright is held by the authors.Acknowledgements:This work is supported by the Major Projects of National Social Science Fund (No. 16ZDA224).Contact: lileiwelldone@gmail.com; dah44@pitt.edu; daz45@pitt.edu; yuc73@pitt.edu; zhangcz@njust.edu.cn (correspondingauthor. +86-84315963)1 IntroductionSocial tags have been widely used for annotating various kinds of online resources, such as blogs, pictures,books, videos, and music. The tags can help users in online resources retrieval and organization. Previouswork showed that tags can be divided into many types, and they proposed plenty of tag type taxonomies foronline resources of different kinds, e.g., book (Golder & Huberman, 2006; Wu, He, Qiu, Lin, & Liu, 2012),movie(Sen et al., 2006), TV program (Melenhorst & Setten, 2007) and URL (Xu, Fu, Mao, & Su, 2006). Andthese studies also confirmed that knowing tag types can enhance the effect of the tag recommendation (Xu etal., 2006) and resources search (Bischoff, Firan, Nejdl, & Paiu, 2008).Academic blog website, which supports scholars to share and to acquire academic related informationthrough the posted blogs, has emerged in recent years(Li & Zhang, 2016). Few studies, however, haveinvestigated the tag types of the academic blogs, which are created by academic bloggers. Moreover, thetag type taxonomy is context-sensitive, which makes it inappropriate to apply the existing generic tag typetaxonomy to the tags of academic blogs. Furthermore, it is still unknown what kind of information theacademic blog tags convey. In this study, we combine the tag type taxonomies proposed by previous studiesand the unique characteristics of blog tags to propose the tag types that are applicable to academic blogs.To achieve this goal, a survey instrument is adopted to explore the types of tags that are preferred by thebloggers for annotating academic blogs.Through understanding the tag types used by bloggers for academic blogs, a tagging system couldrecommend proper tags to the blogs that still need tags. The users of the blog site thus has opportunities tomore effectively access the relevant blogs, which could be a significant factor that influences scholars to bemore actively engaging in academic social networks (Bik & Goldstein, 2013).2 Method2.1 Research siteWe chose blog.sciencenet.cn1 to send the questionnaires. Blog.sciencenet.cn is one of the most popularacademic blog sites in China, and its registered users all have to provide real names, research institutions or1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceNet.cniConference 2017 Lei Li et al.universities, and research fields. The majority of its users posted academic blogs to communicate with others,and the author of each blog assign tags to his/her blogs.2.2 SamplingBefore sending out our questionnaire, we conducted a sampling on the users. Our target users are those withmany tagged blogs because they have rich tagging experience, and they log in the website more frequentlythus have a greater chance to reply our questionnaire. We crawled each blogger’s webpage, which includes theblog visited times, number of friends (#friend), number of blogs (#blog), registration time, last visited time,and last published time. In total, we collected 44,509 bloggers’ information. Then based on the bloggers’number of published blogs, we selected top 5,000 bloggers. After further manual checking on whether thesebloggers indeed tagged academic blogs, we finally identified 4,111 bloggers to send our questionnaire.2.3 Questionnaire designThe questionnaire aims to investigate bloggers’ demographic information and their blog tagging behaviors.The demographic information is used to detect the association between the blogger’s basic information andthe types of tags she uses.Guided by the tag type taxonomies in previous work(Xu et al., 2006; Golder & Huberman, 2006;Melenhorst & Setten, 2007; Sen et al., 2006; Bischoff et al., 2008; Heymann, Paepcke, & Garcia-Molina, 2010),we classified the tags into four types, namely content-based tags, context-based tags, subjective tags andorganizational tags. Then according to the characteristics of the blog, survey items of each tag type wereproposed. Table 1 shows the survey items belonging to the above four tag types.In the questionnaire, firstly, bloggers were asked to answer the question about their demographicinformation which includes the blogger’s discipline, education, gender and age. Then base on their taggingexperience,the bloggers were required to rate their preference of using the tag types (showed in table 1) forannotating the blog. They can rate each tag type with a Likert scale from 1 to 5.Tag types ID ItemsContent-based tags T1.1 Describing the blog topic, and existing in the blog’s contentT1.2 Describing the blog topic, but not existing in the blog’s contentT1.3 Describing the blog topic, and existing in the blog’s titleT1.4 Describing the categories of the blogContext-based tags T2.1 The blog’s publisherT2.2 The blog’s published timeT2.3 The blog’s published locationT2.4 The source of the blogSubjective tags T3.1 The opinion to the blogOrganizational tags T4.1 Self-organization tagsTable 1: Survey Items for the Tag Types3 Results3.1 ParticipantsLaunched from 09/16/2013 to 05/30/2014, 499 questionnaire responses were received, and of which 444questionnaires were completed. The following analysis is based on these 444 questionnaires. Table 2summarizes the demographic information of the participants.139iConference 2017 Lei Li et al.Demographic information Options N/%Gender Male 387 (87.2/%)Female 57(12.8/%)Age 21-30 211(47.5/%)31-40 172(38.7/%)41-50 51(11.5/%)Above 50 10(2.3/%)Disciplines Engineering and technology science 178(40.1/%)Natural science 178(40.1/%)Humanities and Social Sciences 43(9.7/%)Medical Science 28(6.3/%)Agricultural science 17(3.8/%)Education Master candidate 55(12.4/%)Master 94(21.2/%)Doctor candidate 102(23.0/%)Doctor 193(43.5/%)Table 2: Demographic Information of the Participants3.2 Usage of tag typesTable 3 shows the 444 participants’ usage of tag types for academic blogs. The top three tag types all belongto the content-based category, which are the tags (1) existing in the blog’s content, (2) existing in the blog’stitle and (3) describing the categories of the blog. Meanwhile, the context-based tags that annotate the blog’sauthor, published time and published location are less used.Tag types Items 1(low) 2 3 4 5(high) MContent-based tags T1.1 8.6% 14.9% 21.4% 32.9% 22.3% 3.45T1.2 18.9% 28.8% 32.2% 16.2% 3.8% 2.57T1.3 5.9% 14.6% 31.5% 35.6% 12.4% 3.34T1.4 7.7% 16.4% 34.2% 33.3% 8.3% 3.18Context-based tags T2.1 35.6% 27.7% 23.0% 9.9% 3.8% 2.19T2.2 44.1% 22.7% 20.3% 9.2% 3.6% 2.05T2.3 43.9% 27.3% 17.3% 9.7% 1.8% 1.98T2.4 18% 20.0% 22.7% 23.9% 15.3% 2.98Subjective tags T3.1 20.3% 22.1% 30.0% 21.6% 6.1% 2.71Organizational tags T4.1 12.4% 20.0% 30.4% 28.6% 8.6% 3.01Table 3: The Usage of Tag Types3.3 Comparison the usage of tag types on different bloggersThe association between the blogger’s demographic information and the usages of the tag types is reported inthis section.To find the gender’s effect, ANOVA test was conducted. We find that female bloggers have thesignificantly stronger will to use the self-organizational tags to annotate academic blogs (F=7.098, p<.01).But there is no significant difference on the usage of other tag types between genders.ANOVA test also shows that the younger bloggers with under 41 years old, in comparison with olderbloggers, have the significantly higher preference to use the tags that describe the blog topic but do not existin the blog’s content (F=8.782, p<.01). Meanwhile, these younger bloggers also have a significantly higherprobability to use the tags for annotating the blog’s published time (F=7.652, p<.01). Other types show nosignificant difference among age groups.140iConference 2017 Lei Li et al.Furthermore, through conducting ANOVA test, we find that bloggers with master degree or beingmaster candidates, in comparison to those with doctor degree or being doctor candidates, are more likelyto use subjective tags (F=10.009, p<.01) and the tags for annotating the blog’s published time(F=9.268,p<.01). No other statistical difference was found across user’s education levels. Similarly, ANOVA test showsno significant difference across the user’s disciplines.4 Discussion and ConclusionIn this work, we explored what types of tags bloggers use for annotating academic blogs. To our knowledge,this is the first study that detects the tag types employed in academic blog platform. The results implythat tag types that describe the blog content, including those existing in the content and the title of a blogare more preferred by the blogger to annotate the academic blog. Tags that annotate the blog contextinformation, such as the blog’s author, published time and published location, are less used. Based on thetag types’ preference for academic blogs, the academic blog website can improve the bloggers’ satisfactorywith the tags recommendation.This study also give us the evidence that not all tags are equally useful for different users. Forexample, the female bloggers are more willing to use self-organizational tags. The bloggers under 41 yearsold have the significant higher preference to use the tags that describe the blog topic but do not exist inthe blog’s content, and the tags for annotating the blog’s published time. These findings imply that the tagrecommendation should distinguish the bloggers demographic information to be conducted.Future work includes studying the other factors that influence the academic blog tag usage, such asthe time effect and the platform effect. Finally, we will try to apply our findings to the academic taggingsystems to provide the bloggers with better service.ReferencesBik, H. M., & Goldstein, M. C. (2013). An introduction to social media for scientists. PLoS Biol, 11 (4),e1001535.Bischoff, K., Firan, C. S., Nejdl, W., & Paiu, R. (2008). Can all tags be used for search? In Proceedings ofthe 17th acm conference on information and knowledge management (pp. 193–202).Golder, S. A., & Huberman, B. A. (2006). Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems. Journal ofInformation Science, 32 (32), 198-208.Heymann, P., Paepcke, A., & Garcia-Molina, H. (2010). Tagging human knowledge. In Proceedings of thethird acm international conference on web search and data mining (pp. 51–60).Li, L., & Zhang, C. (2016). Characterizing users tagging behavior in academic blogs. In Proceedings of the16th acm/ieee-cs on joint conference on digital libraries (pp. 215–216).Melenhorst, M., & Setten, M. V. (2007). Usefulness of tags in providing access to large information systems.In Professional communication conference, 2007. ipcc 2007. ieee international (p. 1 - 9).Sen, S., Lam, S. K., Rashid, A. M., Cosley, D., Frankowski, D., Osterhouse, J., . . . Riedl, J. (2006). Tagging,communities, vocabulary, evolution. In Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on computersupported cooperative work (pp. 181–190).Wu, D., He, D., Qiu, J., Lin, R., & Liu, Y. (2012). Comparing social tags with subject headings onannotating books: A study comparing the information science domain in english and chinese. Journalof Information Science, 0165551512451808.Xu, Z., Fu, Y., Mao, J., & Su, D. (2006). Towards the semantic web: Collaborative tag suggestions. InCollaborative web tagging workshop at www2006, edinburgh, scotland.141

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Types of Tags for Annotating Academic Blogs

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