Drilling of six mine water and five environmental baseline monitoring boreholes at Cuningar Loop was completed in December 2019 at the UK Geoenergy Observatory in Glasgow. This document and accompanying files provide an initial overview of the ‘as-built’ borehole infrastructure available for research and innovation

Barron, H.

Monaghan, A.

Starcher, V.

English

NERC Open Research Archive

     UK Geoenergy Observatories Glasgow; express data release, mine water and environmental baseline monitoring boreholes at Cuningar Loop  UK Geoenergy Observatories Programme Open Report OR/20/02         BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UK GEOENERGY OBSERVATORIES PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT OR/20/02   The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights 2020. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL. Keywords Borehole drilling, geothermal, mine water, mine working, bedrock, superficial deposits National Grid Reference SW corner 262242, 662500  NE corner 262353, 662878  Front cover Borehole drilling at Cuningar Loop, Summer 2019. Bibliographical reference MONAGHAN A A, STARCHER V, BARRON H 2020.  UK Geoenergy Observatories Glasgow; express data release, mine water and environmental baseline monitoring boreholes at Cuningar Loop. British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/20/02.  17pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail ipr@bgs.ac.uk. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping.  UK Geoenergy Observatories Glasgow; express data release, mine water and environmental baseline monitoring boreholes at Cuningar Loop A Monaghan, V Starcher, H Barron  Contributor J Burkin, J Elsome, K Shorter, K Walker-Verkuil, G Baxter, S Burke, E Callaghan, R Dearden, M Fellgett, C Inauen, O Kuras, P Meldrum, J Midgley, B O Dochartaigh, R Swift. Editor  M Spence  © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham   British Geological Survey   2020 The full range of our publications is available from BGS shops at Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications, including maps, for consultation. We publish an annual catalogue of our maps and other publications; this catalogue is available online or from any of the BGS shops. The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the surrounding continental shelf, as well as basic research projects. It also undertakes programmes of technical aid in geology in developing countries. The British Geological Survey is a component body of UK Research and Innovation. British Geological Survey offices Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham  NG12 5GG Tel 0115 936 3100 BGS Central Enquiries Desk Tel 0115 936 3143 email enquiries@bgs.ac.uk BGS Sales Tel 0115 936 3241 email sales@bgs.ac.uk The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh EH14 4AP Tel 0131 667 1000  email scotsales@bgs.ac.uk Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London  SW7 5BD Tel 020 7589 4090  Tel 020 7942 5344/45 email bgslondon@bgs.ac.uk Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT Tel 029 2167 4280  Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford   OX10 8BB Tel 01491 838800  Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Department of Enterprise, Trade & Investment, Dundonald House, Upper Newtownards Road, Ballymiscaw, Belfast, BT4 3SB Tel 01232 666595  www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/ Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon  SN2 1EU Tel 01793 411500 Fax 01793 411501 www.nerc.ac.uk UK Research and Innovation, Polaris House, Swindon  SN2 1FL Tel  01793 444000  www.ukri.org   Website  www.bgs.ac.uk  Shop online at  www.geologyshop.com  BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY  i Acknowledgements This report is a short summary of a culmination of a huge amount of work by a large team of people within BGS and the UK Geoenergy Observatories contractors from BAM Nuttall/ BAM Ritchies, Ramboll, Drilcorp and others. Special thanks go to the Geoscience Advisory Group (GSAG), and Professor D Manning in particular, for responsive input to maximise science opportunities, and to input from landowner, stakeholder and regulatory bodies including Clyde Gateway, SEPA and The Coal Authority. Within BGS the communications and engagement team of C Chapman, C Buchanan and T Galley have had a significant role in enabling the borehole construction, and many BGS data management and informatics experts have had a large part to play in making datasets openly available.  Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... i Contents ........................................................................................................................................... i 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 As-built borehole location and depths ............................................................................ 3 1.2 Note about platform levels and start heights .................................................................. 5 2 Summary of screened intervals, borehole diameter and purpose ..................................... 5 2.1 GGA02............................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 GGA08............................................................................................................................ 8 3 Initial interpretive summary geological images .................................................................. 8 4 Science opportunities from the as-built boreholes ............................................................ 12 5 Useful publications and datasets ......................................................................................... 13  FIGURES Figure 1 Location maps of the UKGEOS Glasgow borehole locations, including detail of the mine water and environmental baseline boreholes at Cuningar Loop (in red box). Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database rights. All rights reserved [2020] Ordnance Survey [100021290 EUL]. ....................................................................................... 4 Figure 2 Initial interpretive summary of boreholes GGA01, GGA02 and GGA03r. Superficial deposits not shown, borehole width not to scale. GGA01 is screened at the Glasgow Upper mine working, GGA02 is now a dry, cased hole to c. 69 m, GGA03r is screened in sandstone. ................................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 3 Initial interpretive summary of boreholes GGA04 and GGA05. Superficial deposits not shown, borehole width not to scale. GGA04 is screened at the Glasgow Upper mine working, GGA05 is screened at the Glasgow Main mine working. ....................................... 10 Figure 4 Initial interpretive summary of boreholes GGA07 and GGA08. Superficial deposits not shown, borehole width not to scale. GGA07 is screened at the Glasgow Upper mine working, GGA08 is screened in the top part of the Glasgow Main mine working. ............... 11  ii  TABLES Table 1 British National Grid reference locations for each UKGEOS borehole, start height (metres above Ordnance Datum) and drilled length. Note: drilling platforms have been subsequently remediated and borehole headworks installed; final borehole start heights will differ. ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Table 2 Summary of as-built mine water and environmental baseline monitoring boreholes. Note these are subject to minor changes as final details are received from the drilling contractor. All drilled depths/lengths are given from drilling platform start height, see Table 1 and section 1.2. ................................................................................................................................ 7            3  1 Introduction Drilling of six mine water and five environmental baseline monitoring boreholes at Cuningar Loop was completed in December 2019 at the UK Geoenergy Observatory in Glasgow. This document and accompanying files provide an initial overview of the ‘as-built’ borehole infrastructure available for research and innovation. Future data releases will provide a comprehensive data pack for each borehole including:  Drillers log  BGS log  Wireline and optical camera data (selected boreholes only)  Summary report  Spreadsheet of archived rock chip samples  Datasets from the twelfth Glasgow borehole, a 199 m deep cored, seismic monitoring borehole located in Dalmarnock are openly available at https://www.ukgeos.ac.uk/data-downloads/glasgow/seismic-borehole-information-pack  1.1 AS-BUILT BOREHOLE LOCATION AND DEPTHS  4     Figure 1 Location maps of the UKGEOS Glasgow borehole locations, including detail of the mine water and environmental baseline boreholes at Cuningar Loop (in red box). Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database rights. All rights reserved [2020] Ordnance Survey [100021290 EUL]. 5   Borehole number GGERFS Site number Easting Northing Drilling Platform Level AOD Total drill length, from drill platform     British National Grid British National Grid metres above Ordnance Datum metres GGA01 GGERFS01 262318.717 662877.963 10.88 52 GGA02 GGERFS01 262314.084 662869.140 10.91 94.1 GGA03r GGERFS01 262309.311 662860.241 10.95 41.5 GGA04 GGERFS02 262337.740 662688.066 12.41 53.6 GGA05 GGERFS02 262347.094 662684.925 12.22 88.5 GGA06r GGERFS02 262356.555 662681.458 12.23 13.9 GGA07 GGERFS03 262252.162 662759.930 11.63 56.9 GGA08 GGERFS03 262247.530 662751.025 11.82 91.4 GGA09r GGERFS03 262242.793 662742.263 11.72 14.6 GGB04 GGERFS05 262353.057 662500.101 12.40 13.4 GGB05 GGERFS05 262353.080 662510.124 12.35 45 GGC01 GGERFS10 260915.13 663109.36 9.66 199 Table 1 British National Grid reference locations for each UKGEOS borehole, start height (metres above Ordnance Datum) and drilled length. Note: drilling platforms have been subsequently remediated and borehole headworks installed; final borehole start heights will differ.  Borehole location information is available in this express data release pack as an Excel table and a GIS shapefile (UKGEOSGlasgowboreholes_AsBuilt_Location_Depth_Feb20.xlsx and UKGEOSGlasgowboreholes_AsBuilt_Feb20.shp). In addition these digital files contain the top and base height of the screened intervals, along with the BGS_SOBI borehole reference numbers.  1.2 NOTE ABOUT PLATFORM LEVELS AND START HEIGHTS The drilling platform levels (metres, above Ordnance Datum) listed in this express data release were measured from hard core platforms that had been built up to provide level ground. These platforms are being remediated post-borehole construction and the final borehole start heights will be from headworks that are being installed for future site user. The final borehole start heights will be included in the subsequent data packs for each borehole.   2 Summary of screened intervals, borehole diameter and purpose A summary of the borehole depth, screened interval, borehole diameter, installation of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and direct temperature sensing (DTS) fibre optic cables, and geology/purpose of the target interval is given in Table 2 below.  The boreholes have been constructed with 2 or 3 casing strings to isolate the made ground, superficial deposits and bedrock – only the internal casing diameter is listed in Table 2.   Subsequent data packs will include the full details of the various casing sizes, depths and annulus grouting, as well as a cased-hole 6  gamma wireline log dataset from the three deepest mine water boreholes, and an open-hole optical camera downhole image and open-hole caliper/gamma wireline dataset from a few of the mine water boreholes. Temperature, pressure, conductivity groundwater data loggers will be installed into all of the boreholes once the borehole headworks are completed. A set of step- and constant-rate pumping tests is ongoing to determine some basic hydraulic properties.   In the case of boreholes GGA02 and GGA08, the planned borehole design had to be adapted during borehole construction. A summary of the main changes is provided in sections 2.1 and 2.2 below.          7    Table 2 Summary of as-built mine water and environmental baseline monitoring boreholes. Note these are subject to minor changes as final details are received from the drilling contractor. All drilled depths/lengths are given from drilling platform start height, see Table 1 and section 1.2.  8  2.1 GGA02 Borehole GGA02 was drilled as a mine water borehole to a depth of 94.1 m. ERT and DTS cables were installed across the screened section at 79.1-83.6 m. Unfortunately in the final stages of borehole construction, during the grouting of the borehole annulus, cement (grout) entered the inside of the screen and casing and the DTS cable was damaged. The result is that GGA02 is a dry, cased hole to around 69 m. The ERT cable is functioning, facilitating cross-hole monitoring with the ERT cable in GGA01. The DTS cable is functioning only in passive (not active, heating) mode to 69 m.  2.2 GGA08 Borehole GGA08 is believed to have entered a roadway in the Glasgow Main mine working from 87.7-90.7 m. During the final stages of drilling the sump below the roadway a large, high angle, block was encountered that deviated the drill string and prevented the permanent casing from being emplaced to the target depth. The borehole casing was therefore terminated and screened within the roadway and above the obstruction. Due to the length of the sump needed to accommodate the DTS termination unit, the DTS cable was terminated above the seal at 84.5 m. The ERT cable extends to the base of the casing at 88.3 m.  3  Initial interpretive summary geological images Figures 2-4 below have been prepared as an illustrative representation of the initial BGS interpretation of the bedrock boreholes and mine workings encountered. These are based on observations from drilling (e.g. drop of drill rods, smell of H2S), BGS on-site logs of the returned rock chips, mine plan information, wireline (caliper) and optical camera open-hole data (selected boreholes only). The interpretations are subject to change with further interpretation of the datasets and more detailed lithological logging of the rock chips in the laboratory.    9   Figure 2 Initial interpretive summary of boreholes GGA01, GGA02 and GGA03r. Superficial deposits not shown, borehole width not to scale. GGA01 is screened at the Glasgow Upper mine working, GGA02 is now a dry, cased hole to c. 69 m, GGA03r is screened in sandstone.  10    Figure 3 Initial interpretive summary of boreholes GGA04 and GGA05. Superficial deposits not shown, borehole width not to scale. GGA04 is screened at the Glasgow Upper mine working, GGA05 is screened at the Glasgow Main mine working.   11   Figure 4 Initial interpretive summary of boreholes GGA07 and GGA08. Superficial deposits not shown, borehole width not to scale. GGA07 is screened at the Glasgow Upper mine working, GGA08 is screened in the top part of the Glasgow Main mine working.    12  4 Science opportunities from the as-built boreholes The as-built UKGEOS Glasgow boreholes will provide a range of opportunities for scientific research and innovation and will be available for science community users in 2020. In summary, the as-built infrastructure comprises:  5 wide (246 mm casing ID) diameter mine water boreholes: 3 screened at the Glasgow Upper mine working and 2 screened at the Glasgow Main mine working o Mine water boreholes are equipped with down hole and cross-hole continuous sensor cables for electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and direct temperature sensing (DTS)   5 environmental monitoring boreholes:  o 2 screened boreholes in the top of the sandstone bedrock above the Glasgow Upper mine working (146 mm casing ID, screened at 37.5–40.5 m & 43.0–44.8 m)  o 3 screened boreholes in superficial deposits above the bedrock (103.8 mm casing ID, screened at 11.9–13.9 m; 11.6–13.6 m; 10.4–12.4 m) Initial results from test pumping indicate high to very high aquifer productivity in the mine water boreholes, with several of them yielding 20 l/s over a 5 hour test for drawdowns of <2 m. Mine water temperatures are commonly around 12°C with initial indications of relatively good mine water quality.  By way of example, this infrastructure could support the following research/ innovation activities:   Research into the characteristics and hydraulic properties of different types of legacy mine working: o Void o Roadway o Waste o Pillar    o Fractured rock   Development of new tools and approaches for mine water characterisation and monitoring   Modelling of mine system behaviour using data from field studies and the continuous pressure-temperature-conductivity downhole data loggers  Characterisation of any physical/ chemical interactions between the flooded mine workings and the shallow bedrock and superficial monitoring boreholes.  Baseline monitoring for any effect of mine water pumping operations on surface water quality, ground gas emissions, ground motion and seismicity.   Design work is ongoing to install additional infrastructure to support abstraction and re-injection of mine water. In the interim period the Glasgow Observatory is available for research to establish the baseline geology, hydrogeology and microbiology etc., ahead of any major subsurface heat perturbations.  Further information on accessing the UK Geoenergy Observatory in Glasgow is available on the website https://www.ukgeos.ac.uk/research or contact ukgeosenquiries@bgs.ac.uk 13  5 Useful publications and datasets Background information on the geology, hydrogeology, soil geochemistry etc. of the area can be found within: MONAGHAN, A A, Ó DOCHARTAIGH, B E, FORDYCE, F M, LOVELESS, S, ENTWISLE, D, QUINN, M, SMITH, K, ELLEN, R, ARKLEY, S, KEARSEY, T, CAMPBELL, S D G, FELLGETT, M, MOSCA, I. 2017 UKGEOS: Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site (GGERFS): initial summary of the geological platform. Nottingham, UK, British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/17/006. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/518636/ The infrastructure as was planned is described in: MONAGHAN, A A, STARCHER, V, Ó DOCHARTAIGH, B E, SHORTER, K M, BURKIN, J. 2019. UK Geoenergy Observatories : Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site: Science Infrastructure Version 2. Nottingham, UK, British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/19/032 http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/522814/ http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/518636/  Further publications can be found at https://www.ukgeos.ac.uk/data/publications. Datasets are available on the bedrock and superficial deposits geological models, the cored, seismic monitoring borehole and links to the seismic monitoring data at https://www.ukgeos.ac.uk/data-downloads  

UK Geoenergy Observatories Glasgow : express data release, mine water and environmental baseline monitoring boreholes at Cuningar Loop (updated June 2020)

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UK Geoenergy Observatories Glasgow : express data release, mine water and environmental baseline monitoring boreholes at Cuningar Loop (updated June 2020)

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