Fallas, Helen

MacAllister, Donald John

MacDonald, Alan

English

NERC Open Research Archive

© NERC All rights reservedUnlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the PoorFunded by: Hidden CrisisUnderstanding functionality of hand pumped borehole water supply in sub-Saharan AfricaDonald John MacAllisterAlan M. MacDonaldHelen FallasPlus the Hidden Crisis teamContact: donmac@bgs.ac.uk© NERC All rights reserved• Millions will continue to rely on hand pumped boreholes (HPB) for water supply. • Growing body of evidence (1970s – now) suggests that 15 – 40% of HPBs are non-functional.• The benefits of improved access to water are lost as a result of non-functionality.• Non-functionality has a social and economic cost.• Functionality and performance of HPBs are often hidden by a focus on coverage.Why functionality?JMP (2019)© NERC All rights reservedFrom anecdote to evidence to understand functionality. Interdisciplinary. Five objectives:1. Define functionality of boreholes and water committees.2. Apply to Uganda, Ethiopia and Malawi to explore current status –SURVEY 13. Detailed interdisciplinary analysis to answer WHY questions –SURVEY 24. Trends and forecasts – longitudinal studies and modelling. 5. Interdisciplinary analysis. Hidden Crisis© NERC All rights reserved1. No definition2. Binary: working/not working3. More complex definitions – e.g. partially working4. Tiered definitions 5. Broad sustainability assessment 6. Assessed against standardDefinitions from the literatureDefining functionality© NERC All rights reserved• Measure against an explicit standard and population. • Measure separately from the users’ experience. • Allow for tiered assessments.• Distinguish between snapshot and temporal.Defining functionality© NERC All rights reservedBasicSnapshotPerformanceBonsor et al. (2018)© NERC All rights reserved• Two stage randomised stratified sampling.• Physical survey: stroke test, well head observations, water chemistry, TTCs + tryptophan, downtime. • Social survey: 20 questions - assessing functionality of the water committee, general governance of water point, user perceptions of service level.Survey 1 – 600 HPB© NERC All rights reservedResults45%EthiopiaWith water quality only 28%Binary results reflect national surveys.82%59%Kebede et al. (2017)55%Malawi23%UgandaOwor et al. (2017)Mwanthunga et al. (2017)© NERC All rights reservedFunctionality and managementWhaley et al. (2019)© NERC All rights reservedFunctionality and managementWhaley et al. (2019)© NERC All rights reserved• Forensic assessments of Survey 1 sub-sample.• Social science: focus groups, transect walks.• Physical survey: sanitary & engineering survey, pumping test, water chemistry, CCTV survey, questionnaires (reliability, downtime, quantity, quality).Survey 2 – 150 HPB© NERC All rights reservedWater level© NERC All rights reservedAquifer yield© NERC All rights reservedUganda T (m2/d) - LithologyBased on 600 pumping tests.© NERC All rights reservedUganda T (m2/d) - District© NERC All rights reservedIntegrated analysis MalawiHydrogeologyBoreholePump (rising main)UgandaHydrogeologyManagementEthiopiaHydrogeologyPump (rising main)© NERC All rights reserved• Nuanced definition of functionality provides:• Binary results reflecting national surveys. • Tiered categories providing extra information on yield and reliability.• Management and functionality weakly linked.• Determinants of functionality (initial results):• Hydrogeology• Rising main condition.• Borehole construction.• The management/functionality dynamic is highly complex.• Analysis on-going:• Seasonality, downtime and failure rates.• Exploring causal pathways.• Functionality is complex and multifaceted but must be understood to sustain increased access to improved water supply in SSA.Conclusions

Understanding functionality of hand pumped borehole water supply in sub-Saharan Africa

© NERC All rights reservedUnlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the PoorFunded by: Hidden CrisisUnderstanding functionality of hand pumped borehole water supply in sub-Saharan AfricaDonald John MacAllister© NERC All rights reservedUnlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the PoorBRAVE Building understanding of climate variability into planning of groundwater supplies from low storage aquifers in AfricaGro For GooDGroundwater Risk Management for Growth and DevelopmentGroFuturesGroundwater Futures in Sub-Saharan AfricaHidden CrisisUnravelling current failures for future success in rural groundwater supplyT-GroUPExperimenting with practical transition groundwater management strategies for the urban poor in Sub-Saharan Africa © NERC All rights reserved50 groundwater scientists10 active African projectsBGS international groundwater© NERC All rights reservedFrom anecdote to evidence to understand functionality. Interdisciplinary. Five objectives:1. Define functionality of boreholes and water committees2. Apply to Uganda, Ethiopia and Malawi to explore current status –SURVEY 13. Detailed interdisciplinary analysis to answer WHY questions –SURVEY 24. Trends and forecasts –longitudinal studies and modelling 5. Interdisciplinary analysis Hidden Crisis© NERC All rights reserved Source: Carter and Ross 2016Surveys suggest 15-40% non functionalRenewed interest in functionality © NERC All rights reservedWhere and when?© NERC All rights reservedYear 1 (2015)Year 1-2(2016)Year 2-3(2017-18)Years 2-4Investigating functionality© NERC All rights reserved1. No definition2. Binary: working /not working3. More complex definitions – e.g. partial working4. Tiered definitions 5. Broad sustainability assessment 6. Assessed against standardDefinitions from the literatureDefining functionality© NERC All rights reserved• Measure against an explicit standard and population • Measure separately from the users’ experience • Allow for tiered assessments • Distinguish between snapshot and temporalDefining functionality© NERC All rights reserved© NERC All rights reserved• Two stage randomised stratified sampling.• Physical survey: stroke test, well head observations, water chemistry, TTCs + tryptophan, downtime. • Social survey: 20 questions - assessing functionality of the water committee, general governance of water point, user perceptions of service level.Survey 1 – 600 HPB© NERC All rights reserved55%Including water quality the percentage reduces to 43%74%66%Malawi results55%© NERC All rights reserved45%Including water quality the percentage reduces to 28%Ethiopia Results82%59%© NERC All rights reservedIncluding water quality the percentage reduces to 18%23%55%34%Uganda Results© NERC All rights reservedFunctionality and management© NERC All rights reservedFunctionality and management© NERC All rights reservedFunctionality and management© NERC All rights reservedSurvey 2 – 150 HPB• Forensic assessments of Survey 1 sub-sample.• Social science: focus groups, transect walks.• Physical survey: sanitary & engineering survey, pumping test, water chemistry, CCTV survey, questionnaires (reliability, downtime, quantity, quality).© NERC All rights reservedWater Level Depth© NERC All rights reservedAquifer yield© NERC All rights reservedWater chemistry© NERC All rights reservedRising main and RodsGalvanised steel 591PVC 948Aluminium 43l i  t ll i i857Stainless steel 552Fibreglass 10© NERC All rights reservedOther pump components© NERC All rights reservedBorehole construction© NERC All rights reservedIntegrated analysis © NERC All rights reserved• Nuanced definition of functionality developed, used as a framework to identify casual factors and explain outcomes.• Sociotechnical interface is nuanced and complex, thus overly simplistic and reductive approaches are not adequate to fully understand functionality.• Survey 2 shows:• Water level – clear relationship with functionality. • Deconstructed hand pump and borehole (Rising main and rods and observations of corrosion) – Rods suffer most corrosion and damage, but any component made of galvanised steel is at risk in any context.• Aquifer yield – clear relationship with functionality.• Borehole construction – appears to have a bearing on functionality when pump cylinder depth and water level are considered.• Further analysis required:• Seasonality, downtime and reliability.• Sanitary condition.• Assessment of causal pathways.Summary/Conclusions© NERC All rights reservedSupporting material© NERC All rights reservedBasic  functionalitySurvey September 2016 –January 2017Snapshot functionality Malawi Results© NERC All rights reservedGI rising main (RM)Corrosion and water chemistryLow risk > 76.5 > Intermediate risk <= 76 > High risk <= 6.5Severe risk <= 6© NERC All rights reserved© NERC All rights reserved© NERC All rights reservedBorehole constructionPump is above WL in 4% of boreholes.© NERC All rights reserved© NERC All rights reserved© NERC All rights reservedMajor project database developed:All social and physical dataPolitical Economy Analysis:3 countries, national level-regional (ODI)Social Science Longitudinal survey:Malawi and Uganda, detailed community diaries for 12 months in 6 communitiesPhysical Longitudinal survey:Groundwater level monitoring, rainfall monitoring chloride and SIsOther aspects

http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/526678/1/21_Nov_2019_NIH_IIT_.pdf

Understanding functionality of hand pumped borehole water supply in sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

NERC Open Research Archive

NERC Open Research Archive