Apšvalka

Bednařík

Boucard

Bustillo

Castellano

Chen

Cleve

Dager

Floyer-Lea

Frye

Grachev

Grill-Spector

Gussew

Gutzeit

Hancu

Helms

Henry

Horn

Huang

Hurd

Jensen

Kantarci

Kauppinen

Kupers

Kühn

Lally

Lindner

Maddock

Mangia

Martinez

Mekle

Merkl

Mescher

Michels

Mullins

Nishitani

Ogawa

Peca

Poels

Poole

Price

Prichard

Prinsen

Richards

Rothman

Ryner

Sandor

Schaller

Schubert

Schwerk

Shutter

Simister

Siniatchkin

Smesny

Stagg

Stanley

Taylor

Thoma

Viechtbauer

Wallace

Wijtenburg

Yücel

English

Paul G. Mullins

Crossref

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology

Towards a theory of functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS): A meta-analysis and discussion of using MRS to measure changes in neurotransmitters in real time

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful tool to investigate neurochemistry and physiology in vivo. Recently researchers have started to use MRS to measure neurotransmitter changes related to neural activity, so called functional MRS (fMRS). Particular interest has been placed on measuring glutamate changes associated with neural function, but differences are reported in the size of changes seen. This review discusses fMRS, and includes meta-analyses of the relative size of glutamate changes seen in fMRS, and the impact experimental design and stimulus paradigm may have. On average glutamate was found to increase by 6.97% (±1.739%) in response to neural activation. However, factors of experimental design may have a large impact on the size of these changes. For example an increase of 4.749% (±1.45%) is seen in block studies compared to an increase of 13.429% (±3.59) in studies using event related paradigms. The stimulus being investigated also seems to play a role with prolonged visual stimuli showing a small mean increase in glutamate of 2.318% (±1.227%) while at the other extreme, pain stimuli show a mean stimulation effect of 14.458% (±3.736%). These differences are discussed with regards to possible physiologic interpretations, as well experimental design implications

Mullins, Paul

Bangor University Research Portal

Towards a Theory of Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (fMRS):A Meta-analysis and discussion of using MRS to measure changes in neurotransmitters in real time

https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/files/19880368/2017_Towards_a_theory.pdf

Towards a Theory of Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (fMRS):A Meta-analysis and discussion of using MRS to measure changes in neurotransmitters in real time

Abstract

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Crossref

Bangor University Research Portal