Bacour, C.

Chevallier, F.

Kuppel, Sylvain

Maignan, F.

Peylin, P

English

Aberdeen University Research

Energy and CO2 fluxes in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests:  using local eddy-covariance data for a global optimization of the ORCHIDEE model Sylvain Kuppel1, Philippe Peylin1, Frédéric Chevallier1, Cédric Bacour2, Fabienne Maignan1 + experimentalists (A. Knohl, K. Pilegaard,  E. Dufrêne, A. Granier, M. Wilkinson, A. Richardson, B. Munger, J. Hadley, L. Gu, P. Curtis, and K.J. Davis) 1Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, IPSL, France  |   2Noveltis, France B21F-0331 Abstract We develop a variational data assimilation system to assimilate simultaneously 12 datasets of daily flux measurements (net CO2 flux NEE and latent heat flux LE) with the ORCHIDEE biosphere model. The goal is to derive a unique set of optimized parameters shared by these 12 sites of temperate deciduous broadleaved forests. The compared analysis of this multi-site approach to the prior model and the site-specific optimizations leads to the following conclusions: • Improved model-data fit, with good multi-site performances • Multi-site set of parameters often consistent with the site-specific ones • Improvement of both photosynthesis and respiration, evaluated using estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco).  • Improvement of the model phenology at the global scale with multi-site parameters, evaluated by comparing the modeled leaf area index (LAI) with MODIS measurements of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Vegetation model The ORCHIDEE  (Organizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems) model calculates the carbon and water cycles in the different soil and vegetation pools and resolves the diurnal cycle of fluxes, using the concept of plant functional types (PFT) to describe the vegetation. The different carbon pool sizes are brought to steady state before each run with a model spin up during 1300 years. Parameter  Description Vcmax  Maximum carboxylation rate (µmol.m-2.s-1) Gs,slope  Ball-Berry slope  cT,opt  Offset in the optimal photosynthesis temperature function (°C) cT,min Offset in the minimal photosynthesis temperature function (°C) SLA  Specific leaf area (LAI per dry matter content, m2.g-1)  LAIMAX  Maximum LAI per PFT (m2.m-2) Klai,happy  LAI threshold to stop carbohydrate use  Kpheno,crit  Multiplicative factor of GDD threshold to start the growing season  cT,senescence  Offset in the temperature threshold triggering the senescence (°C) Lagecrit  Average critical age of the leaves (days)  Humcste  Root profile  Dpucste  Total depth of the soil water pool (m) Q10  Temperature dependence of the heterotrophic respiration KsoilC  Multiplicative factor of the initial carbon pools  HRH,b Linear term for moisture control of the heterotrophic respiration HRH,c  Offset of the moisture control of the heterotrophic respiration MRa  Slope of the temperature control of the maintenance respiration  MRb Offset of the temperature control of the maintenance respiration GRfrac Fraction of biomass available for growth respiration  Z0overheight  Characteristic rugosity length (m) Kalbedo,veg  Multiplying factor of the surface albedo  Parameters (x) ≠ H(x) Y ORCHIDEE J(x) Observations optimizer (L-BFGS) dJ(x)/dx Fig. 1. Schematic view of the inversion system. Table 1. List of optimized parameters Fig. 3. Seasonal cycles of NEE and LE at two of the twelve sites used in this study : a) UK-Ham and b) US-LPH.  1. Model-data fit Fig. 4. RMSs at different time scales for a) NEE and b) LE.  References :  Krinner et al. (2005), Global Biogeochemical Cycles,  19, GB1015.                                   Santaren et al. (2007), Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB2013.                         Maignan et al. (2011), Geoscientific Model Developpement Discussion, 4, 907-941.  @ sylvain.kuppel@lsce.ipsl.fr US-WCr US-Bar US-Ha1 US-LPH US-MOz UK-Ham DK-Sor DE-Hai FR-Hes FR-Fon JP-Tak US-UMB Variational data assimilation     Minimization of the Gaussian cost function J :   Fig. 2. Fluxnet sites used in this study. Their vegetation cover contains  >70% of deciduous broadleaved forests. Fig. 7. Continental medians of NDVI/FPAR correlations in the prior model (green) and after the multi-site optimization (blue), using weekly time series for the 2000-2008 period and the ERA-I simulation. Correlations are only calculated where cycles in NDVI and FPAR are detected (orange boxes). 4. Global evaluation : phenology  Run of the ORCHIDEE model at the global scale with prior parameters, then using multi-site-optimized parameters.  Comparison to MODIS NDVI for pixels with deciduous broadleaved forests « footprint » above 50% Correlation between modeled fPAR and NDVI (Fig. 7) :   NH : very good prior (r²>0.88), small but consistent improvement  SH : poor prior (r²<0.5), improvement except in Oceania Fig. 6. Seasonal cycles of GPP and Reco at sites a) JP-Tak and b) US-Ha1.  3. Local evaluation : photosynthesis/respiration  Comparison of the model with gross  carbon fluxes (GPP and Reco) from standard flux-partitioning  (Fig. 6) :   The decrease of both modeled fluxes after the optimization is consistent with the flux estimates  The modeled GPP is sometimes decreased too much Flux data We use measured, gap-filled fluxes of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and latent heat fluxes (LE), part of the Fluxnet network. Daily means are computed from at the half hourly data. Days with less than 80% of half-hourly data are not assimilated. Fig. 4. Prior and optimized values of the parameters. 2. Analysis of the parameters  • Confirms the trend of optimized fluxes : lower respirations, a shortened growing season, a reduced LE, and a possible reduction of GPP (Fig. 4). • Pros : the multi-site approach finds a middle ground between site-specific values for more than half of the parameters. • Cons : Large spread between some sie-specific values, along with small uncertainties (Gs,slope, Kpheno,crit, csenescence).         Needs model improvement NEE :  - Significant correction of the prior winter carbon release after optimization (Fig. 3)  Explains most of the significant yearly RMS (Fig. 4 a))   Strongly linked to the initial carbon pools (KsoilC, Fig. 5) - Improvement of summer uptake, but not always enough - Correction of phase shift, but interannual variations  LE :  - General decrease of LE after optimizations (Fig. 3 b)) - Improvement of the “LE seasonality”  Consistent with observations (Fig. 4 b))   General consistency between multi-site optimizations and site-specific ones Observations Prior model Multi-site optimization Single-site optimization 𝐽 𝐱 =12𝐘 − 𝐻 𝐱𝑡𝐑−1 𝐘 − 𝐻 𝐱 + 𝐱 − 𝐱𝑏𝑡𝐏𝑏−1 𝐱 − 𝐱𝑏  

Energy and CO2 fluxes in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests: using local add-covariance data for a global optimization of ORCHIDEE model

https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/14030/1/Kuppel_2011_AGU.pdf

Energy and CO2 fluxes in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests: using local add-covariance data for a global optimization of ORCHIDEE model

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