A Dove

LD Rotz

Ming Jiang

NM Ferguson

English

PubMed

Crossref

Bioterrorism. Mathematical modeling applications in homeland security.

Springer - Publisher Connector

BioMed CentralBioMedical Engineering OnLine
ssOpen AcceBook review
Review of "Bioterrorism: Mathematical modeling applications in 
homeland security" by H. T. Banks and C. Castillo-Chavez
Ming Jiang*
Address: LMAM, School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Email: Ming Jiang* - ming-jiang@ieee.org
* Corresponding author    
Book details
Bioterrorism. Mathematical modeling applications in home-
land security.
  Frontiers in Applied Mathematics, 28, Society for Industrial and 
Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, PA 2003:x+240. 
ISBN 0-89871-549-0.
According to the ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Phi-
losophy, "Bioterrorism is a type of terrorism that employs the
use of biological agents to achieve its goals" [1]. This has been
a hot topic in the United States since the mysterious
anthrax letters of fall 2001 [2]. Mathematical models of
viral transmission and control are important tools for
assessing the threat posed by deliberate release of the bio-
logical agents such as smallpox, influenza and foot and
mouth disease (FMD), etc., and the best means of contain-
ing an outbreak [3]. Development in this field should pro-
vide planning tools to help manage emerging infections
of all kinds.
From the preface: "This volume brings the contributions of a
selected group of experts from various fields who have begun to
develop models to tackle some of the current challenges raised
in biosurveillance, agroterrorism, bioterror response logistics,
and assessment of the impact of the deliberate release of biolog-
ical agents and the social forces that maintain groups of terror."
This book is engendered from a workshop in 2002 spon-
sored by the Center for Discrete Mathematics & Theoreti-
cal Computer Science (DIMACS) at Rutgers University
and the National Science Foundation (NSF). There is an
introductory preface about the book and ten chapters pre-
senting mathematical models related to bioterrorism
The 1st chapter, "Challenges for Discrete Mathematics and
Theoretical Computer Science in the Defense against Bioterror-
ism", is an overview of the approaches based on the dis-
crete mathematics and theoretical computer science to the
bioterrorism issues. It presents an analysis of detailed
challenges for discrete mathematics and theoretical com-
puter science and relevant tools. "These tools, which seem
very relevant to epidemiological problems and in particular to
the defense against bioterrorism, are not very well known
among those working on public health problem."
The 2nd chapter, "Worst-Case Scenarios and Epidemics", is to
identify under what conditions random mixing can be
used to model worst-case scenarios. It focuses on a prelim-
inary examination of the validity of the assumptions and
tries to solve the disagreement in previous studies because
of the preassumed population structure and mixing topol-
ogy.
The 3rd chapter, "Chemical and Biological Sensing: Modeling
and Analysis from the Real World", introduced techniques
to detect minute amount of chemical and biological sub-
stances prior to their dissemination on a large scale. The
1st topic is the TNT molecule detection technique based
on a continuous flow displacement immunosensor (CFI
sensors) and its improvement with a pulsatile flow in a
reaction-convection model. The 2nd topic is about cell-
base biosensors. The authors describe two new biosensor
methods for short data sets that use area measurements to
detect subtle change in the signal. The 3rd topic is how to
analyze data from a high-dimensional theoretical model
and discover external and internal changes in a contin-
uum mechanical system.
Published: 22 December 2005
BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2005, 4:69 doi:10.1186/1475-925X-4-69
Received: 06 December 2005
Accepted: 22 December 2005
This article is available from: http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/4/1/69
© 2005 Jiang; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Page 1 of 3
(page number not for citation purposes)
BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2005, 4:69 http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/4/1/69The 4th chapter, "The Distribution of Interpoint Distances",
shows how to use the distribution of the interpoint dis-
tance between two randomly selected observations as a
summary of a spatial distribution. The method was
applied in practice for syndromic surveillance and gener-
ated "a remarkable constancy over time".
The 5th chapter, "Epidemiologic Information for Modeling
Foot-and-Mouth Disease", is a survey of FMD including its
history, agent, clinical signs, pathogenesis, prevention
and control, and available models, etc. All the topics are
appropriately discussed with a list of 140 references.
The 6th chapter, "Modeling and Imaging Techniques with
Potential for Application in Bioterrorism", discusses mode-
ling and imaging techniques. "The first focuses on physiolog-
ically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK)-type models and the
effects of drugs, toxins, and viruses on tissue, organs, individu-
als, and populations wherein both intra- and interindividual
variability are present when one attempts to determine kinetic
rates, susceptibility, efficacy of toxins, antitoxins, etc. in aggre-
gate populations. " The method was applied to model pro-
gression of HIV at the cellular level infection pathway as
an example. "A second effort concerns the use of remote elec-
tromagnetic interrogation pulses linked to dielectric properties
of materials to carry out macroscopic structural imaging of bulk
packages (drugs, explosives, etc.) as well as test for presence and
levels of toxic chemical compounds in tissue."
The 7th chapter, "Models for the Transmission Dynamics of
Fanatic Behaviors", "explicitly focuses on the generation of
qualitative results that may be useful in the fight against fanat-
icism, the force behind the acts of terrorism." However, "the
results in this chapter should not be taken as a prediction of
reality", because the situation is highly complex and there
is the issue of data to validate the model.
The 8th chapter, "An Epidemic Model with Virtual Mass
Transportation: The Case of Smallpox in a Large City", studies
release targets that include city subway system or airport
hubs. An epidemiological model for the transmission
dynamic and control of smallpox with multiple level of
mixing is introduced together with simulation results. "In
summary, having enough vaccines stockpiles, while necessary,
is not enough. The best policy must include the timely applica-
tion of mass vaccination." Chapter 2 addresses the disagree-
ment on this issue.
The 9th chapter, "The Role of Migration and Contact Distri-
butions in Epidemic Spread", presents a reaction-diffusion
model for epidemic spread with a sedentary and a migrat-
ing compartment. The author demonstrated how epi-
demic models revealing the appropriate epidemiological
scenario can be obtained by scaling of parameters.
The 10th chapter, "Modeling the Spread of Influenza among
Cities", uses a modified susceptible-infected-recovered
(SIR) model for the spread of influenza in each city and
assumes nonrandom mixing of the population among the
cities by the air travel. The model parameters are esti-
mated from the literature. The authors provide a compar-
ison of the model predictions with the CDC data for
several representative cities. "This simple model did remark-
ably well at predicting the yearly influenza epidemic."
From the preface: "Naturally, this volume gives a limited view
of the challenges, possibilities, and opportunities that may be
tackled with the use of mathematical and computational
approaches. Our hope is that the contributions in its 10 chap-
ters may inspire and stimulate research at the interface of
homeland security and the mathematical and statistical sci-
ences. "
Each chapter has its own list of references. There is an
index for the entire book. While generally speaking it is in
high quality, there are some symbols used without defini-
tions. For example, the symbols Ab and Ag on p. 58 are
not introduced before its first use. Some representations
could have been done better. For example, some results
are given in tables of numbers, for which graphic presen-
tations should be more illustrative.
From the publisher: "This volume will be of interest particu-
larly to those specializing in the biological sciences including
biophysics, biomedical engineering, and biomathematics, but
its applications extend to readers with an interest in control and
systems theory, dynamical systems, inverse problems, discrete
math, statistics, computational science, and, of course, simula-
tion and modeling."
Other reviews of this book can found at the MAA Book
Review Column and the book review section in Bulletin
(New Series) of the American Mathematical Society[4,5].
Readers are recommended to read the recent reviews on
the mathematical models and various aspects in bioterror-
ism [3,6].
References
1. ISCID: Bioterrorism.  ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy
[http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Bioterrorism].  International Soci-
ety for Complexity, Information, and Design
2. Dove A: Bioterrorism becomes one of the hottest US
research fields.  Nat Med 2002, 8(3):197-197.
3. Ferguson NM, Keeling MJ, Edmunds WJ, Gant R, Grenfell BT, Amder-
son RM, Leach S: Planning for smallpox outbreaks.  Nature 2003,
425(6959):681-685.
4. Greenwell RN: Book Review of "Bioterrorism: Mathematical
Modeling Applications in Homeland Security".  MAA Online
book review column  [http://www.maa.org/reviews/bioterrorism.html].
5. Diekmann O: Book review of Spatial deterministic epidemics
and Bioterrorism: Mathematical modeling applications in
homeland security .  In Bulletin (New Series) of the American Mathe-
matical Society Volume 42. Issue 4  AMS; 2005:521-527. Page 2 of 3
(page number not for citation purposes)
BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2005, 4:69 http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/4/1/69Publish with BioMed Central   and  every 
scientist can read your work free of charge
"BioMed Central will be the most significant development for 
disseminating the results of biomedical research in our lifetime."
Sir Paul Nurse, Cancer Research UK
Your research papers will be:
available free of charge to the entire biomedical community
peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance
cited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central 
yours — you keep the copyright
Submit your manuscript here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/publishing_adv.asp
BioMedcentral
6. Rotz LD, Hughes JM: Advances in detecting and responding to
threats from bioterrorism and emerging infectious disease.
Nat Med 2004, 10(12):S130-S136.Page 3 of 3
(page number not for citation purposes)


Jiang Ming

Directory of Open Access Journals

BioMedical Engineering OnLine