We analyse simulations of turbulent, magnetised molecular cloud cores
focussing on the formation of Class 0 stage protostellar discs and the physical
conditions in their surroundings. We show that for a wide range of initial
conditions Keplerian discs are formed in the Class 0 stage already.
Furthermore, we show that the accretion of mass and angular momentum in the
surroundings of protostellar discs occurs in a highly anisotropic manner, by
means of a few narrow accretion channels. The magnetic field structure in the
vicinity of the discs is highly disordered, revealing field reversals up to
distances of 1000 AU. These findings demonstrate that as soon as even mild
turbulent motions are included, the classical disc formation scenario of a
coherently rotating environment and a well-ordered magnetic field breaks down.Comment: Invited contribution to the NIC proceedings 2016 for the John von
  Neumann-Institut f\"ur Computing (NIC) Symposium 201

Banerjee, R.

Klessen, R. S.

Seifried, D.

English

arXiv

We analyse simulations of turbulent, magnetised molecular cloud cores focusing on the formation of Class 0 stage protostellar discs and the physical conditions in their surroundings. We show that for a wide range of initial conditions Keplerian discs are formed in the Class 0 stage already. Furthermore, we show that the accretion of mass and angular momentum in the surroundings of protostellar discs occurs in a highly anisotropic manner, by means of a few narrow accretion channels. The magnetic field structure in the vicinity of the discs is highly disordered, revealing field reversals up to distances of 1000 AU. These findings demonstrate that as soon as even mild turbulent motions are included, the classical disc formation scenario of a coherently rotating environment and a well-ordered magnetic field breaks down

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Turbulence and Its Effect on Protostellar DiskFormationD. Seifried, R. Banerjee, R. S. Klessenpublished inNIC Symposium 2016K. Binder, M. Mu¨ller, M. Kremer, A. Schnurpfeil (Editors)Forschungszentrum Ju¨lich GmbH,John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC),Schriften des Forschungszentrums Ju¨lich, NIC Series, Vol. 48,ISBN 978-3-95806-109-5, pp. 77.http://hdl.handle.net/2128/9842c© 2016 by Forschungszentrum Ju¨lichPermission to make digital or hard copies of portions of this work forpersonal or classroom use is granted provided that the copies are notmade or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copiesbear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwiserequires prior specific permission by the publisher mentioned above.Turbulence and Its Effect on Protostellar Disk FormationDaniel Seifried1, Robi Banerjee2, and Ralf S. Klessen31 I. Physikalisches Institut, Universita¨t zu Ko¨ln, Zu¨lpicher Str. 77, 50937 Ko¨ln, GermanyE-mail: seifried@ph1.uni-koeln.de2 Hamburger Sternwarte, Universita¨t Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, GermanyE-mail: banerjee@hs.uni-hamburg.de3 Institut fu¨r Theoretische Astrophysik, Universita¨t Heidelberg,Albert-Ueberle-Str. 2, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyE-mail: klessen@uni-heidelberg.deWe analyse simulations of turbulent, magnetised molecular cloud cores focusing on the forma-tion of Class 0 stage protostellar discs and the physical conditions in their surroundings. Weshow that for a wide range of initial conditions Keplerian discs are formed in the Class 0 stagealready. Furthermore, we show that the accretion of mass and angular momentum in the sur-roundings of protostellar discs occurs in a highly anisotropic manner, by means of a few narrowaccretion channels. The magnetic field structure in the vicinity of the discs is highly disordered,revealing field reversals up to distances of 1000 AU. These findings demonstrate that as soon aseven mild turbulent motions are included, the classical disc formation scenario of a coherentlyrotating environment and a well-ordered magnetic field breaks down.1 IntroductionIn our research we investigate the formation of protostars and their associated protostellardisks, the early precursors of planetary systems. During the last decade simulations ofcollapsing molecular cloud cores have revealed the so-called catastrophic magnetic brakingproblem: Magnetic fields are able to transport angular momentum by means of toroidalAlfve`n waves. Modelling the collapse of rotating molecular cloud cores, simulations haveshown that in the presence of magnetic fields with strengths comparable to observationalresults, the formation of rotationally supported (Keplerian) protostellar disks is largelysuppressed1, 2. This is due to the fact that angular momentum is removed very efficientlyfrom the interior of the core by the magnetic field. In previous works we could confirmthis effect for the collapse of massive (100 solar masses), molecular cloud cores3. Thiskey result of the suppression of Keplerian disk formation during the earliest stages of starformation is in contrast to recent observational results which state that protostellar disksshould be present already in the Class 0 stage4, 5.2 Numerical MethodsThe simulations presented here are performed with the hydrodynamics code FLASH,which is written in Fortran 906. The code solves the 3-dimensional, discretised magnetohy-drodynamical equations on a Cartesian grid. Making use of the adaptive-mesh-refinement(AMR) technique, only those regions which are of particular interest for us are resolvedwith the highest possible spatial resolution whereas other regions of minor interest are77resolved more coarsely. This significantly reduces the number of calculations to be per-formed and hence the computational time required, thus allowing us to perform the sim-ulations over long physical timescales. We also make use of the sink particle routine tomodel the formation of protostars7.3 Initial ConditionsObservations of the birth places of stars show a wide range of physical quantities, in partic-ular in their initial mass. As we do not simulate a particular region observed by astronomersbut rather aim to understand the systematic influence of the initial conditions, we have toperform a number of simulations in our work covering a wide range of masses and turbu-lence strengths. This allows us to draw conclusions about the effect of the initial conditionson the formation mechanism of stars. We modelled the collapse of molecular cloud coreswith masses ranging from about 2 solar masses up to 1000 solar masses. The cores arethreaded by a strong magnetic field along the z-axis and have an additional supersonic,turbulent velocity field as indicated by observations.4 ResultsThe results of previous simulations described in Sec. 1 show up in case that highly idealisedinitial conditions are used for the simulations. In particular the lack of turbulent motions- frequently observed in molecular cloud cores - could have a significant effect on theformation of protostellar disks and outflows. For this reason, in our research we herefocus on the influence of turbulence on the formation of protostellar disks and outflows.This work has been performed on JUROPA and other supercomputing facilities. Eachof the simulations required a computational time of a few 100 000 CPU-hours with asimultaneous use of up to 1000 CPUs per simulation. A few hundreds of files were producefor each simulation requiring a disk space of a few TB in total.4.1 Turbulence-Induced Disk FormationWe focus our simulations on the question, how turbulence affects the formation of Kep-lerian disks8–10. An example result is shown in Fig. 1 showing the protostellar disk in arepresentative run with a molecular cloud core of 100 solar masses.As can be seen, in the presence of turbulence rotationally supported disks are re-obtained again, which is in contrast to the previous simulations with comparable magneticfield strengths but no turbulence3. This suggests that the efficiency of the magnetic braking,which is responsible for removing angular momentum from the midplane, is reduced sig-nificantly in the turbulent case. Analysing the surroundings of the disks we can show thatthis is indeed the case. The turbulent surroundings of the disk exhibit no coherent rotationstructure (compare Fig. 1). Therefore, an efficient build-up of a strong toroidal magneticfield responsible for angular momentum extraction is hampered. Moreover, the turbulentmotions lead to a strongly disordered magnetic field which further reduces the magneticbraking efficiency. Since simultaneously the angular momentum inwards transport remainshigh due to the presence of local shear flows in the vicinity of the disks, there is a net in-wards angular momentum transport towards the centre of the disk. The combination of78Figure 1. Protostellar disk seen from top-on. Black dots represent protostars, green arrows the velocity field.these effects results in the observed build-up of Keplerian disks as expected from obser-vations4, 5. Varying the core masses (2.6 - 1000 solar masses) and the turbulence strengthsdoes not change our findings. This clearly demonstrates that the turbulence-induced diskformation mechanism works for a wide range of initial conditions. In particular, we couldshow that the formation of Keplerian disks does not require a uniform rotation of the core– turbulent motions alone lead to the build-up of Keplerian disks. Moreover, we showedthat even for subsonic turbulence, which is usually present in low-mass protostellar cores,the turbulence-induced formation mechanism still holds.In Fig. 2 we show the 3-dimensional structure of the magnetic field and the gas motionsaround a protostellar disk in one of our simulations. The magnetic field lines clearly reveala highly complex structure being far off from well-ordered. Several field reversals up todistances of about 1000 AU from the disk centre can be found. This indicates that therecently observed inclination of magnetic fields with respect to the disc axis11–13 couldsimply be the consequence of a spatially unresolved, highly disordered field structure. Theanisotropy of the accretion towards the disk is represented by the coloured regions in thefigure. Accretion is dominated by a few narrow accretion channels which carry a significantpart of the inflowing mass and angular momentum but cover only about 10% of the surfacearea. We emphasise that we find this anisotropic accretion mode in all of our simulations.5 Conclusions and OutlookTo summarise, our simulations present a richer picture of the process of disk formation,wherein turbulence, filamentary accretion streams, and magnetic field reversals guaranteethat the otherwise overwhelming strength of magnetic braking by ordered fields is signifi-cantly degraded, allowing Keplerian discs to form. Non-turbulent collapse simulations, onthe other hand, might significantly overestimate the efficiency of magnetic braking and thusunderestimate the fraction of Class 0 stage Keplerian discs. We suggest that the anisotropicaccretion and disordered magnetic field structure found in the environment of protostellar79Figure 2. 3-dimensional structure of the magnetic field and gas motions around a Keplerian disk in one of oursimulations.discs might set the stage for other mechanisms contributing to the formation of discs like(pseudo-) disc warping or non-ideal MHD effects14, 15For our future research we intend to study the self-consistent ejection of protostellaroutflows from the Keplerian disks formed in our turbulence simulations. In order to reachthis goal we will have to redo some of our simulations with increased spatial resolution,which will require further large amounts of computing power in the future. Furthermore,we plan to produce so-called synthetic observations. These synthetic observations willallow us to directly compare our simulation results with real observations. Such compar-isons allow us to assess what can be inferred from observations - in particular how reliableparameters obtained from real observations are.AcknowledgementsDS acknowledges funding by the Bonn-Cologne Graduate School as well as from DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via the Sonderforschungsbereich SFB 956. RB acknowl-80edges funding by the DFG via the Emmy-Noether grant BA 3706/1-1, the ISM-SPP 1573grants BA 3706/3-1 and BA 3706/3-2, as well as for the grant BA 3706/4-1. RSK acknowl-edges support from the European Research Council under the European Communitys Sev-enth Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) via the ERC Advanced Grant STARLIGHT(project number 339177) and support from the DFG via the Sonderforschungsbereich SFB881. The FLASH code was developed partly by the DOE-supported Alliances Center forAstrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes (ASC) at the University of Chicago.The authors gratefully acknowledge the computing time granted by the John von Neu-mann Institute for Computing (NIC) and provided on the supercomputer JUROPA at Ju¨lichSupercomputing Centre (JSC).References1. A. Allen, Z.-Y. Li, and F. H. Shu, Collapse of Magnetized Singular IsothermalToroids. II. Rotation and Magnetic Braking, ApJ, 599, 363–379, Dec. 2003.2. P. Hennebelle and S. Fromang, Magnetic processes in a collapsing dense core. I. Ac-cretion and ejection, A&A, 477, 9–24, Jan. 2008.3. D. Seifried, R. Banerjee, R. S. Klessen, D. Duffin, and R. E. Pudritz, Magnetic fieldsduring the early stages of massive star formation - I. Accretion and disc evolution,MNRAS, 417, 1054–1073, Oct. 2011.4. J. J. Tobin, L. Hartmann, H.-F. Chiang, D. J. Wilner, L. W. Looney, L. Loinard,N. Calvet, and P. 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