Courtney, James

Elgarah, Wafa

English

AIS Electronic Library (AISeL)

Association for Information SystemsAIS Electronic Library (AISeL)AMCIS 2002 Proceedings Americas Conference on Information Systems(AMCIS)December 2002ENHANCING THE G2C RELATIONSHIPTHROUGH NEW CHANNELS OFCOMMUNICATION: WEB-BASED CITIZENINPUTWafa ElgarahUniversity of Central FloridaJames CourtneyUniversity of Central FloridaFollow this and additional works at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2002This material is brought to you by the Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS) at AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). It has been acceptedfor inclusion in AMCIS 2002 Proceedings by an authorized administrator of AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). For more information, please contactelibrary@aisnet.org.Recommended CitationElgarah, Wafa and Courtney, James, "ENHANCING THE G2C RELATIONSHIP THROUGH NEW CHANNELS OFCOMMUNICATION: WEB-BASED CITIZEN INPUT" (2002). AMCIS 2002 Proceedings. 82.http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2002/82564 2002  Eighth Americas Conference on Information SystemsENHANCING THE G2C RELATIONSHIP THROUGH NEW CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION:WEB-BASED CITIZEN INPUTWafa Elgarah and James F. CourtneyUniversity of Central Floridawelgarah@bus.ucf.edu jim.courtney@bus.ucf.eduAbstractThis paper proposes a web-based system to support citizen participation as a new way to facilitate andintegrate citizen input into all stages of public decision processes. Citizen participation is vital to a responsivegovernment.  It is one way to improve government to citizen relationship and a means to minimize tension andconflict among all concerned. We believe that the proposed system will address many issues and its use willlead to better decisions and more satisfied citizens.IntroductionCitizen participation in governmental affairs has been defined as:"a process by which people are enabled to become actively and genuinely involved in defining the issues ofconcern to them, in making decisions about factors that affect their lives, in formulating and implementingpolicies, in planning, developing and delivering services and in taking action to achieve changes." (ESDH,1999, p.9)Citizen participation has been the subject of research studies for decades (Arnstein 1969, Webler, et al. 2000, Lowdnes, et al.2001, Cumming 2001).  Many researchers and public agencies have examined the importance and implications of citizenparticipation in the decision process.  Public sector organizations have been exploring new ways in which they can use informationtechnology to improve processes, service delivery and relationships with citizens. The National Performance Reviewrecommended that government agencies should "re-engineer government activities, making full use of computer systems andtelecommunication to revolutionize how we deliver services" (NRP, 1993, p.v.).  Citizen input is clearly vital to a responsive government, because it is through communication that the needs, desires and wishesof the citizenry become known.  Government agencies have been maintaining a number of mechanisms for communicating withcitizens.  These mechanisms include public meetings, telephone service, radio and television broadcasts, and complaint forms.As indicated by interviews in an ongoing study with city of Houston officials,If we get feedback (from citizens) that they dont support the project, then we stop.We are not going to goout and force itif they dont want it, they dont want it.we want that (citizens feedback) to happen during design, when they are surveying, and not when thecontractors are out there staking for construction and then you hear from the people who are actually affectedthat they dont want itWho would be against building another ring road?  I think that is the single biggest driver.  Saying that, Idont think that anything gets done if the public doesnt want it.  And the reason the infrastructure gets builtis because it sounds ok to the public too.Elgarah & Courtney/Enhancing the G2C Relationship Through New Channels2002  Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems 565Figure 1. Eight Rungs on a Ladder of CitizenParticipation (Arnstein, 1969, p.217)Thus citizen participation is important to city officials.  Citizen participation means involvement in the decision making processby the constituents in matters that affect their communities and the quality of their lives.  & Citizen participation has many benefits. Cogan, et al. (1986, p.284) have identified five benefits of citizen participationin the planning process:& Information and ideas on public issues& Public support for planning decisions& Avoidance of protracted conflict and costly delays& Reservoir of good will which can carry over to future decisions; and& Spirit of cooperation and trust between the agency and the public.These benefits are important to all government agencies but especially to infrastructure decision makers since their decisionsdirectly affect the quality of life of the citizenry.Currently, there are different methods through which citizen participation is sought.  These methods range from public hearingsto surveys, polls and focus groups.  Even though these methods exist, many citizens do not participate for several reasons.Lowndes, Pratchet and Stoker (2001) found that there are four sets of factors that affect citizen's non-participation; a negative viewof the local authority, a lack of awareness about opportunities to participate, a lack of council response, and issues of socialexclusion ("it's not for people like me"). They suggest services interfaces "like one stop shops" may be important sites forconsultation on different issues.  Our premise is that a web-based citizen participation system should make government more effective by providing for opendialogue between citizens and public officials.  This system will allow for the highest level of engagement in Arnstien's (1969)ladder of citizen participation, as described next. Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen ParticipationFigure 1 shows the ladder of citizen participation proposed by Arnstien(1969).  This ladder presents the different levels of engagement withcitizen participation.  Arnstein (1969, p216) defines citizen participationas "the redistribution of power that enables the have not citizens,presently excluded from the political and economic processes to bedeliberately included in the future."  This ladder represents eightcategories raging from non-participation to full citizen control.  The topthree categories represent the highest level of participation.  At thepartnership level, citizens share the planning and decision makingresponsibilities.  The delegated power rung represents a level wherecitizens have authority to ensure accountability of the organization.  Thetop level, citizen control is the level where citizens have complete powerand take over the entire planning and managing of programs.  Ourproposed system will allow at least a partnership level of participation.The challenge is to determine the level of participation that wouldproduce effective decisions to better the quality of life of the citizenry.The Research ApproachOur Thesis: A web-based citizen input system can help city officialsimprove planning, budgeting and management processes, and enable more effective, efficient, and responsive decisions, therebyadvancing up Arensteins ladder and improving the quality of life of all the citizenry. Research QuestionsOur research will specifically address the following questions:E-Government Strategies & Projects566 2002  Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems1. What level of engagement on Arnstein's ladder can a web-based system support, and will it yield better results than thecurrent approach?2. What are the major components of a web based citizen input system and what is an appropriate architecture for the processesand data underlying such a system?3. What are the perceived implications of such systems on the quality of life in general and the decision process in particular?4. In what way might we expect a web based citizen input system to affect the roles of the government officials?5. What kind of demands do we expect such system to make upon the government officials?6. What can be done to assure that all citizens have access to the system, given that many do not have readily available internetaccess?We will address these questions by extending work done in a previous project. In our previous research, based on a case studyof the City of Houston, we have begun developing a prototype for an integrated decision support system to streamline aspectsof Houstons decision-making process related to infrastructure, including streets, roads, bridges, water supply, waste watertreatment and drainage.  Providing an effective infrastructure that integrates seamlessly with private sector processes is one ofthe most important functions of city government, and infrastructure development and maintenance constitutes a vast portion ofa citys budget. Citizens are a major stakeholder group in the infrastructure decision process.  Their participation and input in selecting, prioritizingand implementing projects is crucial to the success of the projects.  The proposed web-based system will help streamline citizen'sparticipation and provide for a dynamic new way to engage citizens in the decision process.  Open Dialogue System The system will support a true and equal dialogue, in the sense of Habermas "ideal speech situation", between the agencies andthe citizens.  Habermas calls for free and totally uncoerced discussion among all interested and affected parties (Webler et al.2001, p. 568). The 'ideal speech situation' concept was the first key concept in his thoughts on rethoric.  The 'ideal speech situation'requires that all participants must have equal opportunity to participate. Every participant is allowed to express his/her ideasopenly and question any assertion.  The participation must not be constrained by activated role or status differences or "one-sidedly binding norms" (Stickle, online). That is the influence of force and power is eliminated, allowing participants of all statusto contribute equally.  And, very importantly, "the participants in an ideal speech situation [must] be motivated solely by the desireto reach a consensus about the truth of statements and the validity of norms." (Bernstein, 1995 p.50-51, quoted from Stickle -online) In summary, the proposed system will present the following benefits:& Allow continuous citizen participation throughout all phases of the decision making process.& One stop shop where all citizens can voice their opinions and post their concerns.& Provide equal opportunities for participation.& Reduce cost of citizen participation  the current participation methods are very costly and time consuming.& Increase the level of citizen participation to higher levels thus reducing the probability of unethical conduct andimproving support to government decisions. & Assure multiple perspectives in the decision making process.& Provide an open forum for all citizens to take part of the ideal speech situation.With today's advanced technologies developing such a system is very feasible.  The proposed system promises an integratedaccess point where individuals can share relevant information and input their opinions and feedback on projects the city isplanning.  This system will open up new channels of communication between citizens and the government.  The purpose is tomake it more convenient for the public to provide feedback, so decision makers will know what projects are supported by thecitizenry.  Such a system will give individuals and civic groups the opportunity to participate in decisions affecting the qualityElgarah & Courtney/Enhancing the G2C Relationship Through New Channels2002  Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems 567of their own lives.  A participatory decision process is important because it develops a sense of ownership and partnership andalso allows for better understandings and commitments, which are necessary to implement the final decision.The Web will facilitate the integration of technical information, values and concerns.  The mobility of the web facilitatescommunication, and stakeholders can have access to information and exchange information and even attend meetings remotelythus reducing some of the barriers of the current situation and open a new window to better communication. The proposed systempromises an integrated access point where all stakeholders can share relevant information.  Citizens can view council meetingsonline and participate by voting and presenting their worldviews without having to be physically present at the meeting.Additionally, a web-based system will eliminate some the barriers to citizen non-participation mentioned earlier.  It will provideequal opportunities for participation to citizens.  It presents incentives to contribution through availability and ease of accessibility.It will bring new meaning to the concept of citizen participation by allowing for higher levels of participation and therefore apositive attitude toward the local authorities. The Threat of The Digital DivideWhile we believe a web-based system can greatly enhance citizen participation, the fact that some citizens do not have readyaccess to the Internet may pose problems.  In that regard, the city of Houston has pioneered a revolutionary new service to bridgethe digital divide.  This service is composed of a suite of virtual desktop software applications that will allow every citizen ofHouston to have access to the Internet.  Mayor Brown stated that this system truly bridges the digital divide that has kept someof our citizens from participating in the information technology explosion.  This service will be available at public libraries andgovernment offices.The digital divide presents a challenge for the success and implementation of a system such as the proposed one.  However, withthe dropping cost of Internet access and the increasing number of citizens using computers and the Internet, the phenomenon doesnot present a huge threat.   According to the National Telecommunication and Information administration, 174 million peopleor 65.6 percent of the U.S. population were computer users as of September 2001.  One hundred forty three million people or 53.9percent of the population used the Internet.  Moreover, government agencies are implementing policy measures to improveinformation communication technology in an attempt to closing the digital divide.  These measures include, making internet accessin schools and other public institutions, developing a robust infrastructure, developing regulatory initiatives to improve networkcompetition (OEDC, 2001). Concomitantly, the diffusion of new technologies such as Web TV and digital TV will accelerate theclosing of the gap.  Nevertheless unequal access to web-based systems is a factor to be considered in assessing input from thesystem.MethodologyWe will use a prototyping approach to develop the system.  First, a small-scale project will be chosen for an initial imple-mentation.  This will likely be a system to input requests for service, such as water line or sewer maintenance or to a system toenter complaints or suggestions about current service.  Another alternative would be a system to input requests for major capitalimprovement projects, such as road overlays or water line replacement.  A small prototype system will be deployed for the typesof projects selected.  Various techniques will be used to advertise the availability of the system.  A link to providing input willbe made available on the citys website, notices will be placed in relevant public buildings and on computers that the city isproviding in its digital divide program.  Consideration will be given to including notices in utility bills and in contacting the localmedia, whose assistance may be instrumental in gaining support for the project.  The number of suggestions, complaints andrequests will be logged and compared to the amount of such input in the old, manual system. Also, suggestions concerning modifications to the system itself will also be solicited from users, including public officials.  Thesystem will be redesigned and redeployed on the basis of these suggestions.   This will be done on an on-going basis, with theintent of continual improvement in both the system and the quality and quantity of the interaction it provides.  We will take anobject-oriented approach to the development process with intent that this will enable effective plan - build  deploy  elaboratecycles, as described by Larman (1998).  The software product Together (tm) from Together Soft Corporation supports thisapproach and the Unified Modeling Language, and will be used to develop the system.  E-Government Strategies & Projects568 2002  Eighth Americas Conference on Information SystemsConclusionThe integrated web-based citizen input system will bring together the diverse parameters and factors that contribute to urbaninfrastructure planning.  There is considerable evidence that individual input will enhance the decision making process and providegovernment officials with valuable information to better serve the needs of citizenry.  We expect that our framework would beapplicable to other urban development contexts not only infrastructure.  Our analysis will provide valuable information togovernment officials who wish to create a better environment for their constituents.  ReferencesArnstein, S.R.A ladder of citizen participation. American Institute of Planners, July 1969, p.216-224.Cogan, Arnold, Sumner Sharpe, Joe Hertzberg. 1986. Citizen Participation. The Practice of State and Regional Planning.American Planning Association. Chicago, Illinois.Cumming, J.F. Engaging Stakeholders in Corporate Accountability Programmes:  A Cross-Sectoral Analysis of UK andTransnational Experience, Business Ethics: A European Review, 2001.ESDH, Community participation in local health and sustainable development: a working document on approaches andtechniques, World Health Organization, 1999, Series 4.http://www.makingcitieswork.org/urbanws/Guide/Key%20Resources/book4.pdfLarman, Craig Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall, 1998. Lowndes, V., Pratchett, L., and Stoker, G. Trends in Public Participation: Part 2  Citizens Perspectives,  PublicAdministration, Vol. 79 No.2, 2001, p. 445-455.National Telecommunication and Information Administration, A NATION ONLINE: How Americans Are Expanding Their Useof the Internet,  US Department of Commerce, 2002.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OEDC), Understanding the Digital Divide, 2001. p.23.Stickle, S. Introduction to J.Habermas, www.hu.mtu.edu/~dsulliva/rn/pe/hbrms.htm, accessed on March 2002.Webler, T., and Tuler S. Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation  Theoretical Reflections From a Case Study,Administration & Society, Vol. 32 No. 5, November 2000, p. 566-595.

ENHANCING THE G2C RELATIONSHIP THROUGH
NEW CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION:
WEB-BASED CITIZEN INPUT

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ENHANCING THE G2C RELATIONSHIP THROUGH NEW CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION: WEB-BASED CITIZEN INPUT

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