In this paper, the interaction of cupferron (Cup) and lead (II) complex
   [Cup-Pb (II)] with chondroitin sulfate (CS) was investigated by linear sweep
   voltammetric method. In the selected medium of pH 5.5 (acetic acid-hexamine
   buffer solution), Cup can interact with Pb (II) to form a stable complex of
   [Cup-Pb(II)], which has a sensitive second order derivative polarographic
   reductive peak at -0.64V (vs.SCE). After the addition of CS into Cup-Pb (II)
   complex solution, the reductive peak current decreased without any shift of
   the peak potential and no new peak appeared, which indicated that an
   unelectroactive supramolecular complex of CS with [Cup-Pb(II)] was formed.
   The binding reaction conditions were carefully investigated. Under the
   optimal conditions, the interaction mechanism was discussed. The decrease of
   reductive peak current was directly proportional to the CS concentration,
   thus a new quantitative determination method for CS was established with the
   linear regression equation as ΔIp″(nA)=36.97 C/mg L-1+12.45 (n=10, γ=0.995).
   The effects of other substances on the determination were carefully
   investigated and three synthetic samples were determined with satisfactory
   results. The binding constant (βs) and the binding number (m) of CS with
   [Cup-Pb(II)] complex were calculated from the voltammetric data with the
   results as βs=1.89×1010 and m≈2.5

A. Dencker (3542735)

C. Begley (4763853)

C. Nilsson (4763841)

C. Sparud-Lundin (4763838)

E. Hessman (4763844)

E. Jangsten (4763850)

H. Patel (2832308)

H. Sjรถblom (4763865)

H. Wigert (4763859)

M. Mollberg (4763856)

Background Fear of Childbirth (FOC) is a common problem affecting women’s health and wellbeing, and a common reason for requesting caesarean section. The aims of this review were to summarise published research on prevalence of FOC in childbearing women and how it is defined and measured during pregnancy and postpartum, and to search for useful measures of FOC, for research as well as for clinical settings. Methods Five bibliographic databases in March 2015 were searched for published research on FOC, using a protocol agreed a priori. The quality of selected studies was assessed independently by pairs of authors. Prevalence data, definitions and methods of measurement were extracted independently from each included study by pairs of authors. Finally, some of the country rates were combined and compared. Results In total, 12,188 citations were identified and screened by title and abstract; 11,698 were excluded and full-text of 490 assessed for analysis. Of these, 466 were excluded leaving 24 papers included in the review, presenting prevalence of FOC from nine countries in Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States. Various definitions and measurements of FOC were used. The most frequently-used scale was the W-DEQ with various cut-off points describing moderate, severe/intense and extreme/phobic fear. Different 3-, 4-, and 5/6 point scales and visual analogue scales were also used. Country rates (as measured by seven studies using W-DEQ with ≥85 cut-off point) varied from 6.3 to 14.8%, a significant difference (chi-square = 104.44, d.f. = 6, p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions Rates of severe FOC, measured in the same way, varied in different countries. Reasons why FOC might differ are unknown, and further research is necessary. Future studies on FOC should use the W-DEQ tool with a cut-off point of ≥85, or a more thoroughly tested version of the FOBS scale, or a three-point scale measurement of FOC using a single question as ‘Are you afraid about the birth?’ In this way, valid comparisons in research can be made. Moreover, validation of a clinical tool that is more focussed on FOC alone, and easier than the longer W-DEQ, for women to fill in and clinicians to administer, is required

Nilsson, Christina

Hessman, Eva

Sjöblom, Helen

Dencker, Anna

Jangsten, Elisabeth

Mollberg, Margareta

Patel, Harshida

Sparud-Lundin, Carina

Wigert, Helena

Begley, Cecily

Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet - Academic Archive On-line

Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: a systematic review

Abstract Background Fear of Childbirth (FOC) is a common problem affecting women’s health and wellbeing, and a common reason for requesting caesarean section. The aims of this review were to summarise published research on prevalence of FOC in childbearing women and how it is defined and measured during pregnancy and postpartum, and to search for useful measures of FOC, for research as well as for clinical settings. Methods Five bibliographic databases in March 2015 were searched for published research on FOC, using a protocol agreed a priori. The quality of selected studies was assessed independently by pairs of authors. Prevalence data, definitions and methods of measurement were extracted independently from each included study by pairs of authors. Finally, some of the country rates were combined and compared. Results In total, 12,188 citations were identified and screened by title and abstract; 11,698 were excluded and full-text of 490 assessed for analysis. Of these, 466 were excluded leaving 24 papers included in the review, presenting prevalence of FOC from nine countries in Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States. Various definitions and measurements of FOC were used. The most frequently-used scale was the W-DEQ with various cut-off points describing moderate, severe/intense and extreme/phobic fear. Different 3-, 4-, and 5/6 point scales and visual analogue scales were also used. Country rates (as measured by seven studies using W-DEQ with ≥85 cut-off point) varied from 6.3 to 14.8%, a significant difference (chi-square = 104.44, d.f. = 6, p < 0.0001). Conclusions Rates of severe FOC, measured in the same way, varied in different countries. Reasons why FOC might differ are unknown, and further research is necessary. Future studies on FOC should use the W-DEQ tool with a cut-off point of ≥85, or a more thoroughly tested version of the FOBS scale, or a three-point scale measurement of FOC using a single question as ‘Are you afraid about the birth?’ In this way, valid comparisons in research can be made. Moreover, validation of a clinical tool that is more focussed on FOC alone, and easier than the longer W-DEQ, for women to fill in and clinicians to administer, is required

C. Nilsson

E. Hessman

H. Sjöblom

A. Dencker

E. Jangsten

M. Mollberg

H. Patel

C. Sparud-Lundin

H. Wigert

C. Begley

Directory of Open Access Journals

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

In this paper, the interaction of cupferron (Cup) and lead (II) complex
   [Cup-Pb (II)] with chondroitin sulfate (CS) was investigated by linear sweep
   voltammetric method. In the selected medium of pH 5.5 (acetic acid-hexamine
   buffer solution), Cup can interact with Pb (II) to form a stable complex of
   [Cup-Pb(II)], which has a sensitive second order derivative polarographic
   reductive peak at -0.64V (vs.SCE). After the addition of CS into Cup-Pb (II)
   complex solution, the reductive peak current decreased without any shift of
   the peak potential and no new peak appeared, which indicated that an
   unelectroactive supramolecular complex of CS with [Cup-Pb(II)] was formed.
   The binding reaction conditions were carefully investigated. Under the
   optimal conditions, the interaction mechanism was discussed. The decrease of
   reductive peak current was directly proportional to the CS concentration,
   thus a new quantitative determination method for CS was established with the
   linear regression equation as ?Ip?(nA)=36.97 C/mg L-1+12.45 (n=10, ?=0.995).
   The effects of other substances on the determination were carefully
   investigated and three synthetic samples were determined with satisfactory
   results. The binding constant (?s) and the binding number (m) of CS with
   [Cup-Pb(II)] complex were calculated from the voltammetric data with the
   results as ?s=1.89?1010 and m?2.5.</jats:p

Xueliang Niu

Pingping Zhang

Weili Zhang

Wei Sun

Crossref

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society