Catch statistics, Cod, Oysters, Sardines, Mussels, Lobste

Kaju, Katre

Subject:  Catch statistics, Cod, Oysters, Sardines, Mussels, Lobste

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HMAP Dataset 19: EstonianFisheries: Pärnu City CustomRecordsPage 1 of 9HMAP Dataset 19Estonian Fisheries:Pärnu City Customs RecordsSupporting DocumentationHMAP Dataset 19: EstonianFisheries: Pärnu City CustomRecordsPage 2 of 9SummaryDataset Title: Estonian Fisheries: Pärnu City CustomsRecordsLarge Marine Ecosystem: 23: Baltic SeaSubject: Catch statistics, Cod, Oysters, Sardines,Mussels, LobsterData Provider: Katre KajuEstonian Marine InstituteUniversity of TartuMäealuse 10a, TallinnEstoniaemail: katre.kaju@ra.eeData Editor: John Nicholls, MHSC, University of Hullj.nicholls@hull.ac.ukExtent: 1442 recordsKeywords: Catch statistics; HMAP Data Pages;Customs Records; Baltic SeaCitation:(a) The dataset: please cite as follows: Katre Kaju, ‘Estonian Fisheries: Pärnu City CustomsRecords’, in D.J. Starkey & J.H. Nicholls (comp.) HMAP Data Pages (www.hull.ac.uk/hmap)(b) Supporting documentation: please cite as follows: Katre Kaju, ‘Estonian Fisheries:Pärnu City Customs Records, Supporting Documentation’, D.J. Starkey & J.H. Nicholls(comp.) HMAP Data Pages (www.hull.ac.uk/hmap)HMAP Dataset 19: EstonianFisheries: Pärnu City CustomRecordsPage 3 of 92. Research Context & ObjectivesPärnu has, through the centuries, been regarded primarily as a trade port. Alongside Rigaand Tallinn, Pärnu traditionally welcomed trade with the Hansa people since 1346. Pärnu'simportance in the transit trade between the Hanseatic League and Russia decreased ratherrapidly during the 14th century, and by the 15th century, Pärnu had evolved to primarilyexporting local products. This tendency continued throughout the Swedish and the Russianreigns. In the second half of the 18th century, Pärnu was one of the three most important portsof Estonia; these ports acted as hubs of foreign trade. However, Tallinn, Pärnu and Narvawere greatly overshadowed by the ports of Riga and St. Petersburg. In the 1780s,approximately 100-150 ships annually docked at the Port of Tallinn whilst in Pärnu thecorresponding figure was 100, and in Narva, less than 100. In contrast, 1000-1200 vesselsdocked annually in Riga, and the count in St. Petersburg was between 600 and 700 vesselsannually. The navigable River Daugava provided Riga with a vast mercantile hinterland, andSt. Petersburg's development was supported by the Russian government. Yet, at the end ofthe 18th and into the early 19th century, Pärnu became one of Estonia's key ports of exportsupported primarily by the South Estonia hinterland, but also by Central Estonia and NorthLatvia.Following the Great Northern War and the plague, Pärnu's population, along with the city'strade, suffered greatly and recovery took a long time. There was a certain revitalisation ofPärnu's trade in the 1730s when the first international trading company was established there,namely Jacob Jacke & Co. (1734?). In 1741, Hans Diedrich Schmidt also founded amercantile trading house in Pärnu. During the 18th century, Pärnu's long-distance trading wasentirely under the control of these two companies. Although Pärnu, as well as the whole ofEstonia and Livonia, was governed by Russia at that time, Swedish regulations continued tobe applied in trading practise; despite the transfer of authority there were no changes tolicense and customs taxes. Only by the middle of the 18th century did Russian centralauthority start to impinge more markedly in Pärnu's economic life. In particular, the followingactions of the Russian authorities had an impact on Pärnu's trade: In 1754, the export of timber through the ports of Pärnu and Narva was forbidden.This was based on the fear of a timber shortage - what it meant all the shipbuildingindustry, and the related rise in prices of the building material. It was only in 1761 thatthis trade was resumed in Narva, and 1764 in Pärnu. In 1763 the export of grain was legalised after a long time, but in 1785 it was againprohibited. With the ukase of 27 September 1782, a new customs tariff was introduced, whichabolished internal customs barriers throughout the whole of Russia; until then, lowercustoms limits had been in force in the Baltic region.The arrangement of Pärnu's trade was closely connected with Riga's trade. Remarks inPärnu's customs books testify to the fact that local goods moving between Riga and Pärnuwere exempt from the customs duty. Nevertheless, specific customs limits were in effect ineach of the two towns. In 1747, for example, Pärnu's merchants complained about theextremely high license customs that were primarily imposed on certain fabrics, and sought toequalise the taxes with those of Riga. They rationalised their wish with the belonging to thesame Guberniya and partly with the identical laws valid both in Pärnu and Riga (EAA 1000-1-3646, fol. 5-7 verso). Consequently, in 1765, trade regulations were issued for Riga in St.Petersburg. The appendix of these regulations contained the customs limits for both exportand import products (Der Stadt Riga Handels-Ordnung).Although by this time Pärnu's trade situation had improved when compared with the period ofthe Great Northern War, local merchants were still not satisfied. In 1761, in order to furtherHMAP Dataset 19: EstonianFisheries: Pärnu City CustomRecordsPage 4 of 9improve the situation, Pärnu City Council sent a letter of notification that included the followingsuggestions to the Senate of Russia (EAA 1000-1-3693, fol. 1 and fol. 6-47): Free timber export; Free trade of Russian products that required the re-establishment of Pärnu-Tartuwaterway; Dredging of Pärnu's roadstead; Forbidding of pre-emption in the countryside; Reopening of the university in Pärnu.The timber export from Pärnu was reinstated in 1764, mostly due to the support of theLivonian Governor-General, George von Browne. Browne believed that it was the timber tradethat could restore Pärnu's earlier prosperity. Pärnu was especially involved in the export ofrough sawn wooden boards. The idea of making the Pärnu-Tartu waterway navigable aroseas early as the 1630s, then again in the 1650s, the 1680s, the 1760s, etc. This issue wasaddressed time and time again until the early 20th century, but navigation of the waterway wasnot realised for several reasons.With the intent of increasing the city's revenues, Pärnu also tried to regulate its tradingactivities to some extent. In April 1765, Pärnu City Council proposed a project to moreeffectively fill the city's treasury as it was in severe debt (EAA 1000-1-2542, fol. 1-4). Theproject included the following proposals: In calculating customs duties, an exchange rate of 1 taler = 90 kopecks courantshould be applied - there is little indication in customs journals about the actualexchange rate of the taler and the ruble. In 1780, for example, an exchange rate of143 kopecks for one albertus-taler was used (EAA 1000-2-1431, fol. 146); An additional customs duty should be imposed - as a result of this proposal, and withthe approval of the Great Guild's members, an additional customs duty of 25% wasimposed for ten years (Anlage, Zuschlag); Ships docking in the port should be taxed: 5 kopecks for every ship's cargo(Schiffslast) - this tax, too, was imposed for ten years; An additional customs duty on beer and spirits (Faß oder Land Brandwein) should beimposed; The pier tax (Brükken-Gelder) should be increased from the existing 4 kopecks to 10kopecks for a ship's cargo; in addition, a pilot tax of 50 kopecks for the each foot ofthe loaded ship's draught was imposed; An increase the fee of weighing was introduced; The building of a guest house was proposed.Decisions regarding this taxation are reflected in Pärnu city customs books.HMAP Dataset 19: EstonianFisheries: Pärnu City CustomRecordsPage 5 of 93. Primary Source MaterialsThe Estonian Historical Archives houses the customs books of the Ports of Tallinn, Narva andPärnu from the 17th-19th centuries; from this collection, Pärnu city customs books are nowavailable via the Internet. The fonds of the Estonian Governor-General of the Swedish periodpreserved Tallinn's customs books (Pfundzollbücher) from 1609-1639 (EAA 1-2-764....774,776). The same fonds also contains materials that touch upon the activities of grain customsand the License Chamber from 1630-1645 (EAA 1-2-867....881). The archive of the NarvaMagistrate contains Narva's customs books from 1640-1703 (EAA 1646-1-1073, 1074, 1083,1086; EAA 1646-2-342....354). The latter fonds also houses one of Tallinn's customs booksfrom 1646 (EAA 1646-1-803). The materials associated with Pärnu's customs are to be foundin the fonds of the Livonian Governor-General of the Swedish period and of the PärnuMagistrate. The fonds of Livonian Governor-General of the Swedish period contains materialsof the Livonian, Estonian and Ingria's Licence Chambers from 1638-1704 (EAA 278-1-XXII:139....160). The fonds of the Pärnu Magistrate holds materials of Pärnu city customsfrom 1764, 1766-1782 (EAA 1000-2-1395....1433), Schiffsrollen from 1751-1775 (EAA 1000-2-1434....1455), and materials regarding the export of flax, hemp, tow and grain, and theimport of salt from 1803-1876 (EAA 1000-2-5465....5470).Pärnu city customs books from the second half of the 18th century, as retained in the fonds ofPärnu Magistrate, include some rather detailed information of the exports and importsconducted through the Port of Pärnu over the 20-year period from 1764, to 1782 (excluding1765). In Pärnu, instead of "city customs" (Stadtzoll), the term "additional customs" (Zulage-Zoll) was generally used. The journals of the city customs, except from the year 1764, consistof two parts: the so-called main journal, and the additional journal. The main journal containsthe following data: name of the ship's owner, ship's starting point and destination, name of thecargo's owner, and, frequently, the shortened list of transported goods. For some goods, themonetary value has also been indicated; this is true mostly for albertus- or state talers;customs duty, however, is calculated in rubles. The additional journals are more voluminousthan the main journals, and include consolidated reports on the ships' parameters, crew,cargo, and the detailed reports by the owners of the goods imported or, after 1777, exported.Some additional journals also offer information about actual people, primarily craftsmen, whoarrived in Pärnu by sea.Besides the city customs journals, additional important information of Pärnu's trade comesfrom the archives of the two large trading houses: Jacob Jacke & Co and H. D. Schmidt (EAA,funds 3339 and 3340). These two archives hold information on the two companies' tradingpartners locally, in Western Europe and in Russia, as well as information on the importationand exportation of goods, etc.To this day, there are no comprehensive overviews of Pärnu's trade, but trading issues havebeen addressed in several studies. Pärnu's customs books have been studied mainly fromthe vantage point of trading history. Helmut Piirimäe, for instance, has analysed the customsbooks from the end of the 17th century in the article "Pärnu kaubanduse suurus ja koostis XVIIsaj. lõpul" [The capacity and the composition of Pärnu's trade at the end of the 17th century],which was published in the collection Eesti ajaloo küsimusi V [Issues of Estonian history V] in1968. The subject of Pärnu's timber export at the end of the 17th century is addressed by EnnKüng in his article "Pärnu metsakaubandusest 17. sajandi viimasel veerandil" [On Pärnu'stimber trade in the last quarter of the 17th century] in the collection Pärnumaa ajalugu, artiklitekogumik 2 [History of Pärnumaa, collection of articles 2] (Pärnu 2000). Several diplomastudies on Pärnu's trade in the 18th-19th centuries, guided by Helmut Piirimäe, have beenconducted at the University of Tartu: Toe Nõmm, "Pärnu kaubandus Prantsuse keisririigisõdade perioodil" [Pärnu's trade during the period of wars of the French empire] (Tartu 1977);Olaf Multer, "Pärnu linna kaubandus XVIII sajandi 60.-70. aastail" [The trade of Pärnu city inthe 1760s-1770s] (Tartu 1979); Ene Remmelgas, "Pärnu kaubandus XIX sajandi 20.-30.aastail" [Pärnu's trade in the 1820s-1830s] (Tartu 1980; later published as the article in thecollection Uurimusi Läänemeremaade ajaloost IV [Studies on the history of the Baltic SeaHMAP Dataset 19: EstonianFisheries: Pärnu City CustomRecordsPage 6 of 9countries IV], Tartu 1987); Kaupo Ahuna, "Pärnu kaubandus 18. sajandi lõpul" [Pärnu's tradeat the end of the 18th century] (Tartu 1981); Tiina Kallas "Pärnu kaubandus aastail 1770-90"[Pärnu's trade in 1770-1790] (Tartu 1991). Unfortunately, the studies of Olaf Multer andKaupo Ahuna are lost, but the rest are kept in the Department of History of the University ofTartu. The study by K. Ahuna has been used in compiling the collection Merelinn Pärnu [SeaCity Pärnu, Pärnu 1998].Pärnu's trade has also received general attention in several studies on the history of Pärnu:Richard Hausmann, "Studien zur Geschichte der Stadt Pernau" (Tartu 1906); HeinrichLaakmann, "Geschichte der Stadt Pernau in der Deutsch-Ordenszeit (bis 1558)"(Marburg/Lahn 1956); Rolf Diedrich Schmidt, "Pernau: Eine livländische Hafenstadt" (Essen1986); Jüri Kivimäe, Aivar Kriiska, Inna Põltsam, Aldur Vunk, "Merelinn Pärnu" [Sea CityPärnu] (Pärnu 1998). Furthermore, "Eesti majanduslugu" ("Estonia's economic history", Tartu1937) pays some attention to Pärnu's trade. Katre Kaju's introductory article "PernauerZulage-Journale 1764-1782. Einige Aspekte der Schifffahrt und des Seehandels" in thecollection Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Frühen Neuzeit (Berlin2006) deals with Pärnu city customs journals.While studying Pärnu city customs journals and interpreting the data in them, one should alsofocus on the trade textbooks and manuals of that time. Regarding the textbooks, we shouldspecifically point out books published in Pärnu's neighbouring cities of Tallinn and Riga:Johann Daniel Intelmann, "Arithmetischer Wegweiser, oder nach Ehst- und LiefländischerHandlung gründlich eingerichtetes erstes Revalsches Rechenbuch" (Halle 1736) and J. H.Flor, "Das Rigische Rechenbuch" (Riga 1769). Among the manuals of note is Carl GüntherLudovici's "Eröffnete Akademie der Kaufleute, oder vollständiges Kaufmanns-Lexicon I-V"(Leipzig 1767-17682), but also A. Schlessing's "Handels-Artikel des Weltverkehrs nebst dendarauf bezüglichen technischen und Kaufmännischen Bezeichnungen" (Vienna 1883) andPhilipp Andreas Nemnich's "Waaren-Lexikon in Zwölf Sprachen der HamburgischenCommerz-Deputation zugeeignet" (Hamburg 1797) should be recognised. The dictionary byWilhelm von Gutzeit ("Wörterschatz der Deutschen Sprache Livlands", Riga 1874-1898) canalso be of great help.HMAP Dataset 19: EstonianFisheries: Pärnu City CustomRecordsPage 7 of 94. Metadata: Explanation of Data FieldsThe entries below are outlined as per the field headings of HMAP Dataset 59. An explanationis offered for each field in general terms, and also in dataset specific terms.IDID is the unique, consecutive serial numbers for the complete HMAP database.InstitutionCodeInstitutionCode is the name given to the overall project of which this Dataset forms apart (HMAP).CollectionCodeCollectionCode is the reference code for the Dataset.DateLastModifiedThis is the date when the data were last modified.CASE_STUDYCASE_STUDY is the location identifying description of the Dataset. In this instance:Norwegian, North & Baltic SeasDATASETDATASET is the HMAP project unique Dataset reference.REFERENCEREFERENCE refers to the source of records employed in the research.CitationCitation is the field where the formal attribution is shown for users of the HMAPDatasets to cite; it credits the researchers and editors of a Dataset together with itsdatabase compilers. This citation must be quoted whenever records are referenced oremployed for any purpose.Please quote the relevant citation when using extracts or details from this Dataset:Kaju, 'Estonian Fisheries: Pärnu City Customs Records', in D.J. Starkey & J.H.Nicholls (comp.) HMAP Data Pages (www.hull.ac.uk/hmap)BasisOfRecordBasisOfRecord is the abbreviation applied that indicates whether the record is basedon observations (O), living organisms (L), specimens (S), germplasm/seeds (G),photos (P), or from literature with original basis unknown (D); the HMAP value isgenerally 'O'.OCEAN_REGIONThis field indicates the specific Ocean Region where the Dataset research has beencarried out. If this field shows 'None', then the research reflects activities carried out innon-seaward locations (e.g. in rivers, weir fishing, etc.). In this Dataset, the NorthAtlantic Ocean region was researched.HMAP Dataset 19: EstonianFisheries: Pärnu City CustomRecordsPage 8 of 9LMEThis field indicates the name of the Ecosystem where the record event occurred. Tofind out more about LMEs (which are confined to continental shelf regions) browse theLarge Marine Ecosystem site (http://www.edc.uri.edu/lme/) where LME GIS data maybe downloaded. In this Dataset, the Baltic Sea region was researched.LATITUDEThe LATITUDE refers to a mean value of the species distribution from surveys andshould be cross referenced with the LONGITUDE field for specific locationdetermination.LAT_PRECISIONThis gives the actual precision of the calculated LATITUDE field. The available optionsare:Approx Approximate positionEstimated Estimated positionExact Exact positionGround Centre Notional centre of the relevant fishing groundUnknown Position not knownLONGITUDEThe LONGITUDE refers to a mean value of the species distribution from surveys andshould be cross referenced with the LATITUDE field for specific locationdetermination.LON_PRECISIONThis gives the actual precision of the calculated LONGITUDE field. The availableoptions are:Approx Approximate positionEstimated Estimated positionExact Exact positionGround Centre Notional centre of the relevant fishing groundUnknown Position not knownST_YEARYear when research started for this specific data.EN_YEARSame as start year.ScientificNameScientific name of species being investigated.ObservedWeightWeight (in pounds) of the animal(s) being researched.Catch_NActual number of animals involved in this dataGENDERSex of specimen or collected/observed individual(s).HMAP Dataset 19: EstonianFisheries: Pärnu City CustomRecordsPage 9 of 9NOTESGeneral notes that explain anomalies, problems or useful information about therecord.CPUEThe CPUE field (Catch Per Unit Effort) is expressed as: YIELD_KILOGRAM /EFFORT (number of fishing units employed).DATA RELATED TO THE VESSELVariable information about the vessel(s) employed in the fishing effort. For example,crew numbers may be provided.RECEIVER OF THE GOODSSpecific details of individuals or groups who received the goods relevant to the recordare shown.EXPORTIndicator of whether the goods involved were exported or retained for the local market;exported goods are indicated as Exp.Enquiries regarding the information contained in this document and the accompanyingdataset should be directed to David J Starkey (d.j.starkey@hull.ac.uk) or John H Nicholls(j.nicholls@hull.ac.uk).

HMAP Dataset 19: Estonian Fisheries: Pärnu City Customs Records

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