Perna viridis is characterised by an elongate shell with pointed and swollen anterior end and a compressed posterior end. Umbo is tapering sharply at the terminal. Ventral margin is concave and long, whereas anterior margin is reduced. Outer surface possesses concentric growth marks

and faint radial lines. The smooth periostracum (outer shell) is thick and dark green, with finely pitted ligamental ridge

Xavier, Biji

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167Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758)Biji XavierI D E N T I F I C A T I O NSource of image : Molluscan Fisheries Division, CMFRI, KochiLocal names: Kakkai (Marathi); Pachali (Kannada); Kallumakkai, Kadukka, Chippi (Malayalam);Pachai alli (Tamil); Alichippalu (Telugu)MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONPerna viridis is characterised by an elongate shell with pointed and swollen anterior end and acompressed posterior end. Umbo is tapering sharply at the terminal. Ventral margin is concaveand long, whereas anterior margin is reduced.  Outer surface possesses concentric growth marksand faint radial lines. The smooth periostracum (outer shell) is thick and dark green, with finelypitted ligamental ridge. Shell hinge has two teeth in the left and one small tooth in the right valve.In adults, the anterior adductor scar is absent. Anterior retractor scar is separate, situated at posteriorend of ligament and is elongate-ovate in shape. Younger mussels are bright green and as it ages,the colour becomes darker. It has a large mobile foot and produces byssus, which helps it to attachto its substrate.Order : MytilidaFamily : MytilidaeCommon/FAOName (English) : Green mussel168Prioritized species for Mariculture in IndiaP R O F I L EGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONThis species is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. It is native to Malaysia and is reportedfrom Persian Gulf, New Guinea and Japan. It is distributed naturally in the intertidal areas along theIndian coast. Along east coast, it is available in Chilika lake, Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Chennai,Puducherry, Cuddalore, Porto Novo and Port Blair and along west coast, it is available in Kollam,Alapuzha, Kochi, Calicut, Kasargod, Mangalore, Karwar, Goa, Malvan, Ratnagiri and Gulf of Kutch.HABITAT AND BIOLOGYThe green mussel  typically occurs at shallow depths of 10 m and inhabits intertidal, sub tidal andestuarine environments. It remains mostly attached to submerged marine objects in high densities.It can tolerate a wide range of salinity (18-33 g/l) and temperature (10-35 °C). Sexes are separateand sexual maturity occurs at 15-30 mm shell length. Sexually mature male possesses creamywhite gonadal tissue, whereas in female, it is reddish in colour. Fertilization is external. Spawning isclosely related to monsoon rainfall. Life span is 2-4 years.169P R O D U C T I O N  S Y S T E M SBREEDING IN CAPTIVE CONDITIONSWater temperature plays a key role in the gonadal maturation and induced spawning. Completespawning was achieved by the gradual increase of temperature from 20-35 °C @ 3 or 4 °C/5days.  Temperature stimulation resulted in gonadal growth, increase in gonadal index and changein cellular composition of testis and ovary. As the individual matured, gonadal tissue proliferatedthroughout the mantle region. In males, the mantle tissue turned creamy to milky white in colourwhereas, in females it was orange to brick red colour. Chemicals like Tris and hydrogen peroxidewere also used to induce spawning.LARVAL REARINGIn Tahiti, larval rearing was conducted in cylindro-conical tanks of 800 l capacity. Larvae arefed with Monochrysis lutheri and Isochrysis spp. at initial concentration of 25,000 cells/ml. Waterexchange was done on every second day. During metamorphosis, Isochrysis spp. (12,500 cells/ml), M. lutheri (12,500 cells/ml) and Skeletonema costatum (50,000 cells/ml) were added daily.Metamorphosis and spat settlement was observed on 10th and 17th day, respectively. The survivalfrom D stage to marketable spat size (7-8 mm and 40 mg) was 10 %.In India, at Visakhapatnam R. C. of CMFRI, larvae were stocked initially @ 5-10 nos./ml, whichwas gradually reduced at settlement stage to 2-3 nos./ml. The larvae were fed from second dayonwards with Isochrysis galbana @ 5,000 cells/larvae/day, with increase in cell density to 8,000cells/larvae/day at umbo stage and 10,000 cells/larvae/day at pediveliger stage. After settlement,spats were fed with I. galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans. The spat settlement rate achieved was23.5 %.NURSERY REARINGInformation not availableGROW OUTOn-bottom culture and off-bottom culture are the two culture practises in vogue. Off bottomculture involves stake or pole, rack, raft (shallow and intertidal waters) and long line (deeperopen waters). In France, intertidal pole culture, known as Bouchot culture, yields annually anaverage production of 25 kg mussel from each pole. Stake culture practiced in Thailand andPhilippines produces 8-12 kg of mussel from each pole. On-bottom culture widely practiced inNetherlands, Denmark and Germany yields 80 t/ha. Rack culture is widely used for farminggreen mussel in India and Philippines.170Prioritized species for Mariculture in IndiaFOOD AND FEEDINGPerna viridis is a filter feeder, feeding on zooplankton, phytoplankton and suspended fineorganic material. It preferentially feeds on dinoflagellates and diatoms in times of bloom.GROWTH RATEGrowth rate is influenced by temperature, food availability and water movements. Growth ratesvary in the first year from 49.7 mm (Hong Kong) to 120 mm (India). Growth is maximum at 2 mbelow the surface, where environmental factors are conducive in the form of increased productivityand low fluctuations in temperature and salinity.DISEASES AND CONTROL MEASURESNematopsis sp. infects Perna viridis. Cryptosporidium protozoan parasites are reported and itacts as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium food borne infections.PRODUCTIONAccording to FAO, world mussel production during 2006 was 1.89 million t, valued at 1.2billion US $. Globally 2,82,000 t was produced through culture in 2005. The total cultureproduction in India was about 17,000 t in 2008.MARKET AND TRADEExtracts of Perna viridis have medicinal importance as source of anti-HIV activity. Green musselextract (GMe) (patented product of CMFRI), is an effective green alternative to synthetic nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, containing 100 % natural marine bioactive anti inflammatoryprinciples. Green mussel is also consumed fresh in India. In the domestic market, green musselproducts are popularised and sold through the involvement of women self help groups.Presently culture is fully dependent on natural wild seed collection. However, culture of greenmussel will be not sustainable with the seed collected from the wild. Thus there is urgent need todevelop the technology for seed production. Though, the seed production technology for greenmussel is available on experimental basis, the cost of seed produced by these technologies is veryhigh. For sustaining the green mussel seed production technology, the cost involved in seedproduction should be brought down, where the farmer can afford to buy and use them forculture. Hence, there is an urgent need to initiate mass scale production of hatchery reared seedsP R O D U C T I O N ,  M A R K E T  A N D  T R A D EC H A L L E N G E S  T O  M A R I C U L T U R E171through mariculture. The main researchable issues, which have to be sorted out for this species inIndia, are larval rearing protocols with emphasis on bringing down the cost of production.Presently mussel seed available from the wild is used for farming which is not sustainable andis not enough to meet the requirements of mussel farmers. So commercial seed production ofgreen mussel is required urgently for assured seed supply for ensuring that green mussel cultureis an economically viable venture for mussel farmers.AQUACOP. 1979. Larval rearing and spat production of green mussel Mytilus viridis Linnaeus inFrench Polynesia. Proc. World Maricul. Soc., 10: 641-647.AQUACOP. 1983. Mass production of spat of green mussel Mytilus viridis Linnaeus in FrenchPolynesia. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 2: 534-539.Asokan, P. K. 2011. Biology of Green Mussel. Training on green mussel farming. CMFRI - NFDB.,p. 1-3.Asokan, P. K. and Mohamed, K. S. 2011. Mussel farming methods. Training on green musselfarming. CMFRI - NFDB., p. 8-13.Chakraborty, K. 2012. Green mussel extract (GMe) goes commercial first neutraceutical by anICAR institute .CMFRI Newsletter, p. 133.Laxmilatha, P., Rao, G. S., Pattnaik, P., Rao, T. N., Rao, M. P. and Dash, B. 2011. Potential for thehatchery production of spat of the green mussel Perna viridis Linnaeus (1758). Aquacult., 312:88- 94.Mitra, D. and Chatterji, A. 2004. Indian green mussel (Perna viridis) as a source of anti-HIVactivity.US6770302 B2.Sanil, N. K. and Vijayan, K. K. 2011. Diseases and Parasites of Bivalves. Training on greenmussel farming. CMFRI - NFDB, p. 56-61.Silas, E. G. 1980. Mussel culture in India-Constraints and prospects. CMFRI Bulletin, 29. p. 51-56.Soon, T. K. and Ransangan, J. 2014. A Review of Feeding Behavior, Growth, Reproduction andAquaculture Site Selection for Green-Lipped Mussel, Perna viridis. Advances in Bioscience andBiotechnology, 5: 462-469.Sreedevi, P. R., Uthayakumar, V., Jayakumar, R. and Ramasubramanian, V. 2014. Influence ofrearing water temperature on induced gonadal development and spawning behaviour of tropicalgreen mussel, Perna viridis. Asian Pacific J. Reprod., 3(3): 204-209.Srisuphanunt, M., Saksirisampant, W. and Karanis, P. 2009. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocystsin green mussels (Perna viridis) from shell-fish markets of Thailand. Parasite, 16(3): 235-239.F U T U R E  P R O S P E C T SS U G G E S T E D  R E A D I N G

Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758)

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Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758)

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