Body elongated with a pointed snout, upper head profile slightly convex; mouth small and terminal, villiform teeth present in jaws and on vomer; 2 or 3 (usually 2) series of scales on cheeks; a small sharp spine on opercle; gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 7-9. Two dorsal fins; first dorsal fin higher than second and with 11 weak spines and second dorsal fin with 1 spine and 20-23 soft rays; anal fin with 2 spines and 21 or 23 soft rays. Lateral line scales from 66-72. Vertebrae are 34

Loka, Jayasree

Philipose, K K

Senthil Murugan, T

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245Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775)K. K. Philipose, Jayasree Loka and T. Senthil MuruganI D E N T I F I C A T I O NSource of image : CMFRI, KochiLocal names: Mudadi (Marathi); Mudoshi, Renavi (Konkani); Nogale, Kane (Kannada); Kalimeen,Kathiron, Poovan, Pooyam, Cudeerah, Noongal, Poozhan (Malayalam); Kelangan (Tamil); Soring(Telugu); Toul danti (Oriya)MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONBody elongated with a pointed snout, upper head profile slightly convex; mouth small andterminal, villiform teeth present in jaws and on vomer; 2 or 3 (usually 2) series of scales oncheeks; a small sharp spine on opercle; gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 7-9. Two dorsal fins;first dorsal fin higher than second and with 11 weak spines and second dorsal fin with 1 spine and20-23 soft rays; anal fin with 2 spines and 21 or 23 soft rays. Lateral line scales from 66-72.Vertebrae are 34. The swim bladder has two anterior extensions extending forward, two lateralextensions and two posterior unequal tapering extensions. Body is silvery-brown to honey colouredOrder : PerciformesFamily : SillaginidaeCommon/FAO : Indian sandName (English) whiting246Prioritized species for Mariculture in IndiaP R O F I L EGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONIt is one of the most widely distributed fish in the family Sillaginidae, but mostly confined to Indianand western Pacific Oceans. It extends from north of South Africa along the west coast of Africa andinto the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. It is common along the Indian and Asian coast, extending fromTaiwan, Japan, Indonesian Archipelago, Philippines to as far south as northern Australia. In India, itoccurs along both east and west coasts. It is reported from Kakinada, Chennai, Mandapam, Cochin,Karwar, Goa, Hooghly River, Chilika Lake, Pulicat Lake and Netravathy and Gangolli estuaries.HABITAT AND BIOLOGYThis species inhabits shallow sandy bottoms of shores and bays, creeks, estuaries and coastal waters. Itis commonly found in marine and estuarine environments and may even ascend rivers. It is very rarelycaptured by bottom trawling at depths of 0 to 20 m, as it buries itself in the sand when danger approaches.It is omnivorous, feeding on polychaete worms (Marphysa sp., Perinereis sp. and Nereis sp.), smallwith ventral side lighter; a mid-lateral, silvery, longitudinal stripe normally present; dorsal finsdusky terminally with or without rows of dark brown spots on the second dorsal fin membrane;caudal fin dusky terminally; no dark blotch at the base of the pectoral fin; other fins hyaline; theanal fin frequently with a whitish margin.247prawns (Penaeus spp.) other crustaceans (Ocypoda sp., Alpheus sp. and Gonodactylus sp.) andamphipods. Smaller ones often feed on filamentous algae and copepods. The spawning season is fromJune to February with a peak during June-November in India. Length at first maturity of female andmale are 179 and 159 mm. Fecundity varies from 6,956 to 48,373, showing positive correlation withlength, body weight and ovary weight. Growth is rapid, attaining a length of 13 to 14 cm in about 1 year,16 to 20 cm in 2 years, 20 to 24 cm in 3 years and 24 to 28 cm in 4 years.BREEDING IN CAPTIVE CONDITIONSBreeding, seed production and larval rearing has been attempted in different countries. In 2013,spawning and larval rearing was achieved in Aquaculture and Marine Studies Centre (AMSC), AbuAl Abyad Island, UAE. However detailed information about breeding and seed production is lacking.LARVAL REARINGInformation not availableNURSERY REARINGInformation not availableGROW-OUTCulture tried in most Asian countries is still in its infancy. Culture in India was initiated 3-4 decadesago by CMFRI. Culture trials conducted in coastal ponds and pens indicate that it can be successfullycultured along with milk fish, grey mullets, pearl spot and prawns. Polyculture with shrimps andother brackish water species is a feasible option for enhancing the production in future.FOOD AND FEEDINGThe young one feed on filamentous algae and copepod. The adult feeds on polychaete worms (Marphysasp., Perinereis sp. and Nereis sp.), small prawns (Penaeus sp.), other crustaceans (Ocypoda sp., Alpheussp. and Gonodactylus sp.) and amphipods. In culture trials, fishes are fed with low value fish.GROWTH RATECulture in different environments like salt water ponds, cages and net pens at Mandapam, Indiashows an average monthly growth of 11.4 mm (1.9 g), 10 mm (1.6 g) and 16.8 mm (8.1 g)respectively.P R O D U C T I O N  S Y S T E M S248Prioritized species for Mariculture in IndiaDISEASES AND CONTROL MEASURESObserved disease and their controlling measures are given below. Disease               Agent                   Body parts infected             MeasureTorticaecum Torticaecum nipponicum Musculature and Good prophylaxis andinfestation intestine good husbandry measuresRhipidocotyle Rhipidocotyle Musculature Good prophylaxis andinfestation eggletoni good husbandry measuresProcamallanus Procamallanus Stomach and Good prophylaxis andinfestation philippinensis intestine good husbandry measuresParasitic Parabrachiella - Good prophylaxis andinfestation jarai good husbandry measuresPRODUCTIONThe total world production increased from 24 t in 2000 to 1,069 t in 2011. In India it constitutesa minor fishery with considerable economic importance.MARKET AND TRADEIn China and Vietnam, it has a very good market. Dried fishes ranging in size from 5-11 cm aremarketed from Vietnam, with a supply of 0.2 t/day. It commands a high price (   300-400/kg) indifferent states of India, especially in coastal Karnataka. The demand is high throughout the yearwith a peak during the south-west monsoon, when fishing is suspended in the coastal waters becauseof turbulent weather.Fishery is on the decline due to improper fishing activities coupled with pollution and mangrovedeforestation in coastal areas. A concentrated effort is required to conserve the species. Thoughcaptive seed production has been achieved elsewhere, it has not succeeded in India.  Hence aconcerted effort needs to be put forth for developing and standardizing protocols for broodstockdevelopment, breeding in captivity and larval rearing in India.It is an important brackishwater fish with potential for domestication and farming. In India, vastunderutilized brackishwater areas are available, additionally protected bays, lagoons, estuariesP R O D U C T I O N ,  M A R K E T  A N D  T R A D EC H A L L E N G E S  T O  M A R I C U L T U R EF U T U R E  P R O S P E C T S249could be effectively used for culture. Polyculture with shrimps and other brackish water species is afeasible option for enhancing the production and income in future. As market demand is high inKarnataka, hence fish cultured in other regions could be marketed there.S  U  G  G  E  S  T  E  D    R  E  A   D   I   N   GDhulkhed, M. H. and Ramamurthy, S. 1977. A note on a preliminary experiment on the culture ofSillago sihama (Forsskål) at Mangalore. Indian J. Fish., 24: 229-231.Gowda, H. H., Joseph, P. S. and Joseph, M. M. 1988. Growth, condition and sexuality of the Indiansand whiting, Sillago sihama (Forsskål). The First Indian Fisheries Forum Proceedings, Asian FisheriesSociety, p. 229-232.Gunn, J. S. and Milward, N. E. 1985. The food, feeding habits and feeding structures of the whitingspecies Sillago sihama (Forsskål) and Sillago analis whitley from Townsville, North Queensland,Australia. J. Fish. Biol., 26(4): 411-427.Jayasankar, P. 1989. Studies on the reproduction of Indian whiting Sillago sihama (Forsskål) (Percoidei,sillaginidae). Ph. D. Thesis. Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 251 pp.Krishnamurthy, K. N. 1969. Observations on the food of the sandwhiting Sillago sihama (Forsskål)from Pulicat lake. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, II (1&2) : 295-303.McKay, R. J. 1992. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 14. Sillaginid fishes of the world (family Sillaginidae).An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago, smelt or Indo-Pacific whiting species known todate. FAO Fish Synop., 125(14) :1-87.Palekar, V. C. and Bal, D. V. 1961. Studies on the maturation and spawning of the Indian sandwhiting Sillago sihama (Forsskål) from Karwar waters. Proceedings Indian Academic Sciences, 54:76-93.Piasecki W., Mynarczyk, M. and Hayward, C. J. 2010 Parabrachiella jarai sp. nov. (Crustacea:Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on Sillago sihama (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Sillaginidae).Exp. Parasitol., 125 (1): 55-62.Radhakrisnan, N. 1957. A contribution to the biology of Indian sand whiting, Sillogo sihama (Forsskål).Indian J. Fish., 4 (2): 255-283.Rajasegar, M.  and Sendhilkumar, R. 2009. Finfish resources of Karaikal, south east coast of India.World J. Fish Mar. Sci., 1 (4): 330-332.Shamsan, E. F. and Ansari, Z. A. 2010. Studies on the reproductive biology of Indian sand whitingSillago sihama (Forsskål). Indian J. Mar. Sci., 39 (2): 280-284.Shamsan, E. F. S. 2008. Ecobiology and fisheries of an economically important estuarine fish,Sillago sihama (Forsskål). Ph. D. Thesis, GOA University, Goa, 230 pp.

Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775)

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Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775)

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