The body of Lutjanus argentimaculatus is moderately deep (maximum depth 2.5 to 3.1 times in standard length), snout is slightly pointed, pre-orbital bone is relatively broad and is wider than eye diameter. The pre-opercular notch and knob are poorly developed, vomerine tooth patch is crescentshaped without a medial posterior extension and the tongue has a patch of granular teeth

Loka, Jayasree

Philipose, K K

Ranjan, Ritesh

Senthil Murugan, T

CMFRI Digital Repository

49Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775)K. K. Philipose, Jayasree Loka, T. Senthil Murugan and Ritesh RanjanI D E N T I F I C A T I O NSource of image : RC of CMFRI, VisakhapatnamMORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONT he  body of Lutjanus argentimaculatus is moderately deep (maximum depth 2.5 to 3.1 times instandard length), snout is slightly pointed, pre-orbital bone is relatively broad and is wider than eyediameter. The pre-opercular notch and knob are poorly developed, vomerine tooth patch is crescent-shaped without a medial posterior extension and the tongue has a patch of granular teeth.  The firstgill arch has 16-20 gill rakers with the lower limb having 9-12 (including rudiments). The dorsal finhas 10 spines and 13-14 soft rays, the anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays and the posterior profileof dorsal and anal fins is rounded. The pectoral fins have 16-17 rays and the caudal fin shaperanges from emarginate to nearly truncate.  The scale rows on the back are roughly parallel to thelateral line, or parallel below the spinous part of dorsal fin and sometimes rise obliquely posteriorly,or rarely with entirely oblique rows.Local names: Ratado (Gujarati); Chawari tamb, Tambusa (Marathi); Tambus (Konkani);Tamboos, Chembali (Kannada); Murumeen, Pahari, Chempalli, Chemkalava (Malayalam);Chenganni, Cheppili, Karuvalai, Karva, Nethiprion, Paruthivala meen, Paruthikanni, Patani-keeli,Tokkal, Vekkattai (Tamil); Kaliviyya, Rangu, Rangoo, Thundava (Telugu); Dhala-chandi (Oriya)Order : PerciformesFamily : LutjanidaeCommon/FAO : Mangrove redName (English) snapper50Prioritized species for Mariculture in IndiaThe back and sides of the fish range from greenish-brown to reddish colour; belly silvery or whitishwith specimens from deep water frequently being fully reddish. Juvenile fish have series of abouteight whitish bars crossing the sides, and 1 or 2 blue lines across their cheek.P R O F I L EGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONLutjanus argentimaculatus is distributed in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, from Africaeastwards to Samoa and from the Ryukyus in the north to Australia in the south. It has alsobeen recorded from the coast of Lebanon in the Mediterranean Sea though it is not establishedin the Mediterranean Sea. In India, it has been reported from both the east and west coasts withmore landings from the southern states.HABITAT AND BIOLOGYLutjanus argentimaculatus is a euryhaline species. It has a complex life history with distinct inshoreand offshore phases. Juveniles are primarily found in estuaries, rivers, coastal wetlands and tidalcreeks. Adults are often found in groups around coral reefs and sometimes they migrate to offshore,deeper reef areas, even penetrating to depths beyond 100 m. This species is a nocturnal feeder andfeeds mostly on fishes and crustaceans. Maximum recorded size is 104 cm length and 14.50 kgweight. Maximum reported age is 37 year.51It is a gonochoristic fish i.e. male and female gonads are present in separate individuals. InAustralia, the length at 50 % maturity was found to be 512 mm for females and 449 mm for males.During spawning, distinct courtship behaviour is noticed. They are highly fecund and batch spawnerswith an average fecundity of 5,26,000 eggs/kg body weight of female fish. The species is alsoknown to aggregate for spawning purposes in Palau. Larvae are planktonic.P R O D U C T I O N  S Y S T E M SBREEDING IN CAPTIVE CONDITIONST he broodstock development of mangrove snapper was carried out in cages at Southeast AsianFisheries Development Center, Tigbauan, Iloila, Philippines. The adult or sub-adult fish were eithercollected from wild or reared from hatchery produced fry and stocked in floating net cage of 6 mdiameter and 3 m depth with mesh size 12-22 mm for broodstock development. The cage wasstocked with 12 to 14 females and 14 to 15 males. Fish were fed low value fish at the rate of 5 % oftheir total body weight every other day. The annual salinity and temperature ranged from 25 to 36g/l and from 25 to 32 oC respectively. The cage reared mangrove red snapper spawned betweenmidnight and early morning hours from March to November.In China, broodstock were raised from wild collected juveniles reared for 7 years in captivity.Thirty mature fish (14 females and 16 males) were selected from them and stocked in a concretepond of 3,000 t capacity having 3 m water depth with a salinity of 30-33 g/l and temperature of22.8-25.5 oC to acclimatized them prior to spawning. The female and male weights were 6.92-8.36 and 6.48-7.42 kg respectively. Water was continuously changed at the rate of 40 % per day.The fishes were fed with low value fish such as carangid, Scombrid spp. and squid at the rate of 3 %body weight per day. The broodstock spawned naturally five months after stocking. Spawning usuallyoccurred between 23:00 hrs and midnight. The hatching rate varied from 34.8 to 99.5 %. Fertilizedeggs were transparent, spherical and pelagic in nature, measuring 0.74-0.81 mm in diameter witha single oil globule (0.14-0.16 mm diameter) at the vegetal pole. The eggs hatched out after 16-22h at 25.8-28.7 oC.LARVAL REARINGNewly hatched out larvae measured 1.62-1.94 mm in total length.  The larvae had yolk sacs,which got fully reabsorbed after 66-90 h after hatching. The mouth opened after 2 days of hatching.The larvae were reared in 4 t circular FRP tank. The larvae were stocked at a density of 5-16.4 nos./l. Rotifers were fed to larvae at the rate 10-20 nos./ml from starting till 40 days of rearing.Nannochloropsis sp. was added in tank at the rate of 3-5 x 106 cells/ml from 0 day to 40 days.Artemia nauplii were fed at the rate of 1-2 nos./ml from 20th days onwards. In addition copepod wasadded from 25th day at the rate of 5 nos./ml. Artificial feed was given from 30 dph onwards. The52Prioritized species for Mariculture in Indiasalinity during larval rearing was 30±2 g/l and water temperature ranged from 24-30 oC. Waterwas maintained static till 10 dph with mild aeration. Water was exchanged at 10 % daily from 10 dphand 33 % daily from 20 dph. Flow through at the rate of 15-20 l/min. was maintained from 30 dphonwards. Metamorphosis occurred at 10.5-17.2 mm size. The juveniles reached a mean totallength of 49.4±4.3 mm after 50 days of rearing with average survival of 21.1 %.NURSERY REARINGFry from wild or hatchery was reared for 3 month for nursery rearing. Nursery rearing wascarried out either in pond or cages inside the pond.GROW-OUTThe mangrove red snapper is mainly cultured in south-east Asian countries such as Malaysia,Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines and Taiwan. This species in primarily raised in cageculture system. In Thailand, juveniles were cultured in relatively small cages (3 x 2 m) and fed withtrash fish. Good growth and survival has been reported when juveniles were stocked at 60-90 fish/m3. Juveniles of mangrove red snapper (20 g) were stocked at the rate of 90 nos./m3 in 3 mdiameter floating cages in Thailand. They were fed with chopped carangids, Selaroides spp. tillsatiation twice daily. The environmental parameters such as water temperature, salinity and dissolvedoxygen during the culture was 28.9 oC, 31 g/l and 7.8 mg/l respectively. The fish attained a size of806 g with feed efficiency 15.6 % and survival 83 % after 10 months of culture. The recommendedjuvenile size for grow out is about 20-100 g average weight in Indonesia. The stocking densityfollowed in pond is 5000 nos./ ha or 5 nos./m3 when stocked in cages inside the pond.FOOD AND FEEDINGLutjanus argentimaculatus is carnivorous in nature. In culture systems, it feeds well on low valuefish such as Selaroides spp., sardine, Decapterus sp. and artificial diets. The optimal requirementof protein in fingerlings diet is 42.8 %. In Indonesia, reported dietary protein requirement isabout 48-50 %.GROWTH RATEJuveniles cultured in tank grew from 8.0 g to 110 g in 90 days in Pakistan. In another experiment,they attained a size of 806 g from 20 g and 963 g from 34 g after 10 months and 2.3 kg after 22months of culture in cage. The growth was better at a stocking density of 50 nos./m2 than with 110or 152 nos./m2. Fish stocked at 100 nos./m2 fed once per day grew from 20 to 500 g in 9-10months. In India, the fish attained a size of 750-900 g from 15-20 g after 8 months and 1.1 to 1.3kg after 13 months of culture period.53DISEASES AND CONTROL MEASURESThe bacterial infection Vibrio harveyi has been reported from cage culture of mangrove redsnapper from Karwar, Karnataka, India. In addition, around 21 species of endoparasite; six trematode,eight nematode, three acanthocephalan, one cestode and three trypanorhyncha species has beenreported from wild along Karachi coast, Pakistan.PRODUCTIONThe fish is cultured in pond as well as cages. The global production of mangrove red snapper was4,683 t and 4,620 t reported in 2006 and 2007 respectively.MARKET AND TRADEThis is an excellent food fish because it does not get rancid easily when frozen. It commands agood export market price with no limit on body size. The fish is marketed fresh, frozen, dried orsalted. Approximate price for the fish in local market in India is  280/kg. The average weekly pricein live market of Hong Kong is US $ 5-6/kg.Though the broodstock development, breeding and seed production is standardized by manycountries, India is yet to standardize these technologies. Thus in India the main researchable issues,which have to be sorted out for this species are (i) Healthy broodstock development protocol (ii)Larval rearing protocol: standardization of larval rearing by environmental and nutritional manipulation(iii) Disease and feed management and (iv) Culture practices.Mangrove red snapper is a fast growing, high-value fish which has good domestic demand andcommands good price. Development of seed production and hatchery technology will lead to itswidespread farming in cages and coastal ponds enhancing the supply without affecting the naturalpopulation.Abbas, G., Siddiqui, P. J. A. and Jamil, K. 2011. The optimal protein requirements of juvenile mangrovered snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus fed isoenergetic diets. Paksitan J. Zool., 44 (2): 469-480P R O D U C T I O N ,  M A R K E T  A N D  T R A D EC H A L L E N G E S  T O  M A R I C U L T U R EF U T U R E  P R O S P E C T SS U G G E S T E D  R E A D I N G54Prioritized species for Mariculture in IndiaChaitanawisuti, N. and Piyatiratitivorakul, S. 1994. Studies on cage culture of red snapper, Lutjanusargentimaculatus, with special emphasis on growth and economics.   J. Aquacult. Trop., 9: 269-278.Cruz-Lacierda, E. R., Maeno Y., Pineda, A. J. T. and Matey, V. E. 2004. Mass mortality of hatchery-reared milkfish (Chanos chanos) and mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) caused byAmyloodinium ocellatum (Dinoflagellida). Aquaculture, 236: 85-94.De Silva, S. S. 1998. Tropical Mariculture. Academic Press, Cambridge, USA, 487 pp.Doi, M., Kohno, H. and Singhagraiwan, T. 1994. Morphological development of eggs, larvae andjuveniles of the red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Pisces: Lutjanidae). J. Tokyo Univ. Fish., 81(2): 135-153.Emata, A. C. 2003. Reproductive performance in induced and spontaneous spawning of the mangrovered snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus: a potential candidate species for sustainable aquaculture.Aqucult. Res., 34: 849-857Emata, A. C. and Borlongan, I. G. 2003. A practical broodstock diet for the mangrove redsnapper,  Lutjanus argentimaculatus. Aquaculture, 225: 83-88.Emata, A. C., Eullaran, B. and Bagarinao, T. 1994. Induced spawning and early life description ofthe mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus. Aquaculture, 121: 381-387.Ghaffar, R. A. 2007. Seasonal variation and histopathology of helminth parasites in the fish Lutjanusargentimaculatus (Forsk, 1775) red snapper. Ph. D. Thesis, Department of zoology, University ofKarachi, 705 pp.http://www.fmo.org.hk/index/lang_en/page_price-sea/Lucas, J. S. and Southagate, P. C. 2012. Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants. Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, USA, 631 pp.Madhu, K., Madhu, R. and Retheesh, T. 2013. Broodstock development of mangrove red snapperLutjanus argentimaculatus in open sea cages. CMFRI Teaching Resource, p.1-303.Ming-Yih, L., Chen, I-Hui and Lee-Shing, F. 2003. Natural spawning and rearing of mangrove redsnapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, larvae in captivity. Isr. J. Aquacult. Bamid., 55(1): 22-30.Nair, R. J., Dinesh, K. S., Kuriakose, S.  and Praveen, P. 2014. Checklist of snappers (Family:Lutjanidae) from Indian waters. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish., 2: 551-555.Rainer, F. and Daniel, P. 2013. Lutjanus argentimaculatus i n  FishBase. December 2013.Russell, D. J., Mc Dougall, A. J., Fletcher, A. S., Ovenden, J. R. and Street, R. 2003. Biology,management and genetic stock structure of mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) in Australia.Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, p.1-199.Sheaves, M. 1995. Large lutjanid and serranid fishes in tropical estuaries: Are they adults orjuveniles? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 129 (1-3): 31-40.Thomas, S. 2013. Capture based aquaculture of red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus in cages.CMFRI Teaching Resource, p.1-6.Woo, P. T. K., Bruno, D. W. and Susan Lim, L. H. 2014. Diseases and disorders of finfish in cageculture. CAB International, Wallingford, England, 342 pp.

Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775)

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Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775)

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