Brown mussels as the name suggests have brown coloured shells. They have elongate, equivalved and equilateral shells with pointed and straight anterior end. Dorsal ligamental margin and ventral shell margin are straight. The two valves of the shell are hinged at the anterior end with terminal umbo. Interior of shell is lustrous with muscle scar deeply impressed. It has a finger shaped, thick

and extensible foot

Xavier, Biji

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189Perna indica (Kuriakose & Nair, 1976)*Biji XavierI D E N T I F I C A T I O NSource of image : Molluscan Fisheries Division, CMFRI, Kochi                      * Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) as per Wood et al., 2007.Local names: Kallumakkai, Kadukka (Malayalam)MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONBrown mussels as the name suggests have brown coloured shells. They have elongate, equivalvedand equilateral shells with pointed and straight anterior end. Dorsal ligamental margin and ventralshell margin are straight. The two valves of the shell are hinged at the anterior end with terminalumbo. Interior of shell is lustrous with muscle scar deeply impressed. It has a finger shaped, thickand extensible foot. Byssus threads emanate from the byssus stem and the threads are long, thickand strong with a well developed attachment disc at their distal end. It can change its position bydiscarding old byssus threads and secreting new ones.Order : MytilidaFamily : MytilidaeCommon/FAOName (English) : Brown mussel190Prioritized species for Mariculture in IndiaP R O F I L EGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONThe mussel beds are spread both in west coast (Quilon to Cape Comorin) and east coast (CapeComorin to Thiruchendur). Important centres are Cape Comorin, Colachal, Muttom, Poovar,Vizhinjam, Kovalam, Varkalai and Quilon.HABITAT AND BIOLOGYThe species forms dense populations along the rocky coasts from the intertidal region to depths of 10m. Large sized individuals are found at 0.5 to 2 m depth. Maximum recorded length is 121 mm. Sexesare separate and fertilization is external. Natural spawning starts in May and lasts till September withpeak during July to August.191BREEDING IN CAPTIVE CONDITIONSThe breeding and larval rearing of Perna indica was successfully carried out on an experimentalbasis at Vizhinjam R. C. of CMFRI. Brooders collected from wild were used for breeding purpose.Rise in temperature by 4 °C from normal led to successful spawning. The sperm released from themale induced the females to spawn. Fertilized eggs sank to the bottom and reached morula stagewithin four hours of spawning.LARVAL REARINGLarval rearing was done in FRP tanks with filtered sea water. The larval density was maintained at10,000-15,000 nos./l upto 5th day and subsequently reduced to 5,000-6000 nos./l. Trochophorelarvae developed after 7 h of fertilization. The larvae reached early veliger and D shape at 20 hand 24 h post fertilization. Early umbo and late umbo stages were observed on 7th and 9th day,respectively. At this stage, larvae were characterised by the presence of thick greenish yellowdigestive gland in the antero-dorsal region, which was visible through the transparent shell. On 13thday, larvae reached the eyed stage, characterized by dark pigmented eye spot ventral to the digestivegland. From 16th day onwards, pediveliger larvae observed were with slightly oblique valve, protrudingfoot and reduced velum. Shells became thick and appearance of brown colouration started. From17th day onwards, the velum totally disappeared and pediveliger larvae started settling. It reacheda length of 780 µm on 21st day and 2.7 mm on 32nd day. Larva were fed with microalgae Isochrysisgalbana and Pavlova sp. from straight hinge veliger stage. The quantity of microalgae fed wasincreased gradually as the larvae grew to umbo (5,850 cells/larvae/day), eyed (11,700 cells/larvae/day) and pediveliger (17,550 cells/larvae/day) stages. Mixed phytoplankton comprised chieflyof Isochrysis galbana (30,000 cells/ml/day) were fed to the spat.NURSERY REARINGSpat settled in hatchery tanks or wild collected were nursed, either in open sea or in enclosed baysystem, for further growth.GROW-OUTRope culture was initiated in 1971 at Vizhinjam, Kerala, India. Production from the bay areawas around 150 t and from open sea was around 180-200 t. Ideal length of mussel for seedingwas 20-35 mm. Roofing tiles, iron cages and split nylon ropes were used as spat collectors. Seedswere also collected manually from the rocks with the help of iron chisel. The collected seeds werecleaned and spread over a piece of old cotton net or mosquito net and the nylon rope was kept overthe net. The net was wrapped over the rope keeping the seeds intact, and both the ends of the netwere stitched with cotton twine. After seeding, the ropes were suspended from rafts.P R O D U C T I O N  S Y S T E M S192Prioritized species for Mariculture in IndiaP R O D U C T I O N ,  M A R K E T  A N D  T R A D EOne hundred seeded (25-40 mm size seed) ropes were suspended from long lines (20 m long),which were spaced 5 m apart and were provided with 100 l capacity barrels for floatation. Seededmussels attached to the ropes within 3-4 days. During six months of culture, average monthlygrowth rate was 6.55 mm. The average production (shell on weight) was 52.6 kg/rope (11.76 kg/m of rope). Suspended mussel culture using floating rafts was also productive with an averageproduction of 10 kg mussels/m length of rope.FOOD AND FEEDINGIt is a filter feeder, feeding on phytoplankton.GROWTH RATEAverage growth rate in rope culture in bays was 35 mm/year, whereas in open sea, it was 25mm in 5 months. Mussels grew faster in open sea conditions.DISEASES AND CONTROL MEASURESBoring sponge infestation was most commonly observed in raft and rope cultured mussels.Major species includes Cliona lobata, Cliona vastifica, Cliona margaritifera and Cliona celata. Epizooticfungus, Sirolpidium sp. caused heavy mortality in larvae in culture systems. It was prevented byproper treatment of seawater. Raising water temperature to 32.5 °C for several hours also killed thefungus without affecting the larvae. Bacterial toxins from Vibrio and Pseudomonas impacted larvae.Epizootics such as bryozoans, ciliates and ascidians were controlled by the use of pentachlorophenyl(1 mg/l), formalin (40 mg/l) and dichlorophene.PRODUCTIONSpain leads in mussel farming with a production of 7,70,000 t in 2005. Total mussel productionin India was about 20,000 t in 2009-2010.MARKET AND TRADEBrown mussel has good demand in markets of Kerala. The products are prepared and marketedthrough the intervention of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in the state.Limited availability of natural mussel seed, seasonality of the natural mussel spat, lower growthrate in brackish water and the difficulties in maintaining the mussel rafts in open sea are the majorconstraints for large scale mussel farming. Hence, mass scale availability of hatchery producedseeds round the year is of paramount importance and needs to be prioritised for boosting mariculture.C H A L L E N G E S  T O  M A R I C U L T U R E193S U G G E S T E D  R E A D I N GThe local demand for mussel meat is high in south west coast of India. Currently culture systems inplace use wild seed which is not sustainable. Hatchery production of brown mussel seed will be asolution to this challenge, ensuring conservation of wild stocks while earning livelihood to the musselfarmers.Achary, G. P. K. 1975. Mussel culture on ropes. Indian farming, 25(6): 36-37.Appukuttan, K. K. 1996. Recent development in molluscan aquaculture in India. Seafood ExportJournal, 27 (1): 13-20.Appukuttan, K. K. and Nair, T. P. 1980. Fishery and biology of the brown mussel, Perna indicaKuriakose & Nair. CMFRI Bulletin, 29: 5-9.Appukuttan, K. K. and Nair, T. P. 1983. Culture of the brown mussel Perna indica at Vizhinjam,southwest coast of India. Proc. Sym. Coastal Aquaculture, 2: 526-533.Appukuttan, K. K., Mathew, J. and Thomas, K. T. 1988. Larval rearing and spat production of thebrown mussel Perna indica at Vizhinjam. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(2): 337-343.Appukuttan, K. K., Nair, T. P. and Thomas, K. T. 1984. Larval rearing and spat settlement of brownmussel Perna Indica in the laboratory. Mar. Fish. Info. Serv. Tech. Ext. Ser. (55): 12-13.Appukuttan, K. K., Nair, T. P., Joseph, M. and Thomas, K. T. 1980. Culture of brown mussel atVizhinjam, Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 26: 30-32.Appukuttan, K. K., Nair, T. P., Joseph, M. and Thomas, K. T. 1987. Brown mussel (Perna indica)resources on the south west coast of India and the results of farming experiments at Vizhinjam.National Seminar on Shellfish Resources and Farming (Session II-VI), Tuticorin, CMFRI Bulletin 42:257-263.Gardner, J. P. A., Patterson, J., George, S. and Patterson Edward, J. K. 2016. Combined evidenceindicates that Perna indica Kuriakose and Nair 1976 is Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) from theOman region introduced into southern India more than 100 years ago. Biological Invasions, 18(5):1375-1390.Kumar, P. S. and Thomas, P. A. 2011. Sponge infestation on Perna indica (Kuriakose and Nair1976) in experimental culture systems. Indian J. Geo Mar. Sci., 40(5): 731-733.Kuriakose, S. 1980. Mussels (mytildae: genus Perna) of the Indian coast. CMFRI Bulletin, 29: 1-5.F U T U R E  P R O S P E C T S194Prioritized species for Mariculture in IndiaLaxmilatha, P., Appukuttan, K. K., Velayudhan, T. S., Girijavallabhan, K. G. and Alloycious, P. S.1999. Experimental long line culture of mussels, Perna indica and Perna viridis at Andhakaranazhi,South India. The Fourth Indian Fisheries Forum Proceedings, 24-28 November, 1996, Kochi, p.185-187.Narasimham, K. A. 1996. Technology of mollusc culture. Proceedings of the Seminar on Fisheries- A Multibillion Dollar Industry, Aug 17-19, 1995, Chennai, p. 105-110.Rhamtulla, S., Ramana, C. V. and Reddy, T. B. 2015. Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from thegut of Octopus (Octopus spp.) and mussel (Perna indica). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 4 (1):543-551.Sreenivasan, P. V. 1998. Seed production technology for edible marine molluscs. Proceedings ofthe First National Seminar on Trends in Marine Biotechnology. Institute for Coastal Area Studies,Nagercoil, p. 101-108.Wood, A. R. Apte, S., MacAvoy, E. S. and Gardner, J. P. A. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of themarine mussel genus Perna (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) based on nuclear (ITS 1 & 2) and mitochondrial(COY) DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 44(2): 685-698.

Perna indica (Kuriakose & Nair, 1976)*

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Perna indica (Kuriakose & Nair, 1976)*

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