Copepods are considered as ideal larval feed,

due to their smaller size (<100μm), high protein and

favourable fatty acid profiles. There are three types

of copepods viz., harpacticoid, calanoid and

cyclopoid, which can be cultured on a large scale

under controlled conditions as live feed for the

initial stages of fish and shellfish larvae. Karwar

Research Centre of ICAR- CMFRI made a significant

contribution in standardizing the protocols for the

culture of a new cyclopoid copepod

Loka, Jayasree

Phal, Smrutha

Philipose, K K

Saha, Purbali

Santhosh, B

Shreedevi, S H

Sonali, S M

Phal, Smruta

CMFRI Digital Repository

Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Ser., No. 231, 2017 17Standardization of culture aspects of Apocyclops cmfri sp. nov. a nativecyclopoid copepodJayasree Loka1, K.K. Philipose1, S.M. Sonali1, Purbali Saha1, Smrutha Phal1, S.H. Shreedevi1 and B. Santhosh21Karwar Research Centre ofICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Karwar2Vizhinjam Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjame-mail: lokasree@gmail.comCopepods are considered as ideal larval feed,due to their smaller size (<100µm), high protein andfavourable fatty acid profiles. There are three typesof copepods viz., harpacticoid, calanoid andcyclopoid, which can be cultured on a large scaleunder controlled conditions as live feed for theinitial stages of fish and shellfish larvae. KarwarResearch Centre of ICAR- CMFRI made a significantcontribution in standardizing the protocols for theculture of a new cyclopoid copepod, Apocyclopscmfri sp. nov. a species native to Karwar (Lokaet al., 2017, Indian J. Fish., 64(2): 1-9).Copepods were collected off Karwar (14O 49’ 914"N; 74% 06’ 002" E) near the cage culture site, usingplankton net (100 µm mesh size) and transportedto the laboratory for further isolation and culture.The cyclopoid copepod, Apocyclops cmfri sp. nov.was isolated using standard methods and wascultured in laboratory by feeding with Chaetoceroscalcitrans and successive generations weremaintained. Length and width of the newly hatchednauplii and adults were measured (µm unit) undermicroscope. By following the standard methods, lifecycle, hatching and survival rates were assessed.To study the variations in size and density ofcopepods fed with different microalgal diets(1.2x107 cells /ml) and salinities (0, 10, 20, 30 and40 ppt), density trials were carried out for a periodof one month. Experimental trials were carried outon suitability of cyclopoid copepod as live feed inhatcheries. 1500 numbers of Penaeus vannameilarvae (Average weight:20 mg ± 0.5 mg) and Chanoschanos (10 mg ± 0.1 mg) were fed with nauplii andcopepodites (@ 10 numbers/fish respectively) fortwenty days. Water exchange was carried out withfiltered seawater daily. The survival and growthrates of the fish were calculated at the end of theexperiment.Life cycle of hatchery reared Apocyclops cmfrisp. nov. was studied in the live feed laboratory ofKarwar Research Centre. The shortest life cyclerecorded was 8 days, when fed with Chaetoceros,whereas it was 15 days when given Chlorellavulgaris. Fecundity  was 175 eggs in its life span.Hatching rate of eggs was 90% while survival ratesnauplii and adult copepod sages were 90 and 95%respectively. Hatching rate and survival of naupliarstages and copepodites varied significantly (P<0.05)with salinity and microalgal diets provided duringrearing.Different life stages of the copepodEggNaupli Adult copepod(Female)Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Ser., No. 231, 201718Pure isolates of cyclopoid copepods werecultured in batch and mass culture tanks by feedingwith different microalgal diets viz., Chaetoceroscalcitrans, Isochrysis galbana, Nannochloropsisoculata, Chlorella vulgaris and also by varying thesalinities. Salinity experiments revealed that ittolerates the salinity range between 0 to 40 pptwith an optimum of 30 ppt. A significant variationin the size and density of nauplii and copepoditesfed with different microalgal diets at differentsalinities was recorded (Table 1, Fig. 1). The size ofthe nauplii was minimum when fed with Chlorellavulgaris and maximum when fed with  Chaetoceroscalcitrans. Size of the copepod nauplii rangedbetween 70 – 110 µm whereas the copepodite sizevaried between 220 – 650 µm and for the adults itvaried between 850 µm – 1.2 mm. It was observedthat the size of nauplii was minimum when fed withC. vulgaris. The minimum size of nauplii fed withC. calcitrans was 80 µm. Thus the naupliar andcopepodite stages are suitable as live feed in fishand shrimp hatcheries.The density trials with different microalgae,N.oculata, C. calcitrans, C. vulgaris and  I. galbanaresulted in a significant variation (P<0.05) betweenthe diets, with a maximum density of 50 numbersper ml when fed with C. calcitrans. The density ofthis species was more when fed with C. calcitransin all the salinities with a maximum at 30 ppt.Experimental trials examined revealed it issuitable as live feed for both fish and shrimp. Thesurvival rate was 90% for shrimp (P. vannamei) andmilkfish larvae.  The study also revealed that shrimplarvae showed a significant increase in growth rateof 30.2 ± 0.5 mg per day, whereas, in milk fish weightgain was recorded as 14.5 ± 1.5 mg/day after 20days of the experiment. It was observed that thereis a significant variation (P<0.05) in the weight gainof both the fish and shrimp, with a maximum weightgain on 14th and 20th day of experiment respectively.In conclusion, the study indicated that cyclopoidcopepod, Apocyclops cmfri sp. nov. isolated fromTable 1. Size variations of nauplii, copepodites and adult copepods fed with different microalgal dietsMicroalgae Size (µm)Nauplii Copepodites Adult copepodsNannochloropsis oculata 85-105 320-520 850-1200Chaetoceros calcitrans 80-110 380-650 950-1200Chlorella vulgaris 70-85 220-450 825-950Isochrysis galbana 75-90 250-560 900-1125Fig. 1. Variations in the copepod density fed with differentmicroalgae at different salinitiesFig. 2. Weight gain (mg/day) of fish and shrimp larvaefed with Apocyclops cmfri sp. nov.Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Ser., No. 231, 2017 19Karwar waters, can tolerate a wide range ofsalinities with an optimum of 30 ppt and minimumnaupliar size and maximum density occurs when thesalinity was 30 ppt. Culture protocols for this specieswere standardized in Hatchery complex of ICAR-CMFRI at Karwar with  1.2. million naupliarproduction at every three days interval. TheA note on the button shells fishery in Kakinada BayF. Jasmin, I. Jagadis2, P. Laxmilatha3 and K. Dhanraju11Visakhapatnam Regional Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries research Institute, Visakhapatnam2Tuticorin Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries research Institute, Thoothukudi3Madras Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries research Institute, ChennaiEmail: jasmin.f.cmfri@gmail.comUmbonium species commonly called as 'buttonshells' are the smallest gastropod shells under thefamily Trochidae and subfamily Umboninae. Theyare also known as 'button top shells' or 'button snails'.They come in vast array of colours, in shades ofgrey, brown, olive green, pink, red, yellow or evenwhite, almost uniform or with different axial and/or spiral patterns. Even in single species variouscolour and patterns can be seen. They aredistributed in the Indo-West Pacific regions wherethey lie burrowed in the shallow, soft and sandybottoms.  They occur in high densities and theindividuals are usually very active. They feed ondetritus and algae, sometimes depending on filterfeeding unlike other snails. When confronted bypredators they bury into the sandy bottom usingtheir long foot or float into the water column toescape. They are non-edible ornamental gastropodsthat have high demand in the ornamental shellcraftindustry.The fishery for Umbonium sp. landed atChollangi, Yetimoga, Dumulapeta, Pedavalasavillages and also at Kakinada Fisheries Harbour isdescribed below. Umbonium vestiarium (Vesta’sbutton top shell) is the commonly landed species.Ladies are mainly involved in the harvesting of theseshells by handpicking and using small scoop nets.Local crafts such as the shoe dhoni, Kakinada Navaand fibre boats (teppa) are used to reach the fishingground. Usually the fishermen families of about 2-6members go for fishing.  They use gillnet, dragnets,stake nets, hook and line for fishing while handpicking of shells is done mostly by the women andchildren. The fishing method adopted is based ontide as during low tides collection of shells by handare carried out while gillnetting, stake netting anddrag netting are done during the high tide.  Duringfull moon and new-moon periods when the low tidesare very low, catch is more. The fishing ground isabout 4-8 km from the shore around the Hope Islandwhich has about 4 km2 area. Fishing is done for about26-28 days per month if favourable conditions exist.The estimated total landings of the species duringthe study period 2013-2016 was 319.35 tonnes (t)Fig. 1. Annual landings of Umbonium sp. in Kakinada Bayduring 2013-2016lifecycle  was 8 days with high fecundity and survivalrate of 90%. It is suggested that C. calcitrans is themost suitable diet for rearing Apocyclops cmfri sp.nov. a potential candidate species for rearing ofshrimp larvae and can  contribute to the aquaculturefeed industry.

Standardization of culture aspects of Apocyclops cmfri sp. nov. a native

cyclopoid copepod

http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12304/1/MFIS-231_6.pdf

Standardization of culture aspects of Apocyclops cmfri sp. nov. a native cyclopoid copepod

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

CMFRI Digital Repository