'Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi'
Abstract
In intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture practices the animals are under stress conditions. These stress factors can be environmental, biotic and abiotic, toxic or manmade. Environmental changes leading to stressful situation have been shown to alter the animals respiration and metabolism to a great extent. In addition, procedures adopted in aquaculture techniques such as handling of animals, confinement, transport and disease treatments cause a variable degree of trauma in them. These factors can adversely affect the overall production of animals in a culture syste
