Nutritional security, although a part of fwd security has a distinct significance. While agriculture provides food security for the people, fish culture has the potential to provide nutritional security too to them. While fish is a rich agurm of animal protein, it has dsa essential minerals and vitamins for human nutrition. Further, fish is relatively cheaper, compared to other protein source

Bhatnagar, D

Edward, Loveson

Imelda, Joseph

CMFRI Digital Repository

'01. 25 No. 11 ;,+ Fishing Chimes -9 February 200f Upgradation by Solid State. m e n  tation (SS9 D.D. Bhatnagar, L. Loveson Edward Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture and Imelda Joseph Senior Scientist Central Marine Fisherlea Research Institate Nutritional security, although a part of fwd security has a distinct significance. While agriculture provides food security for the people, fish culture has the potential to provide nutritional security too to them. While fish is a rich agurm of animal protein, it has dsa essential minerals and vitamins for human nutrition. Further, fish is relatively cheaper, compared to other protein sources. Of late, aquafarming activities are becoming more popular in India, playing an important role in the socio-economic development of its people, particularly the weaker sections. One constraint is that aquafarming activities being feed centered, its feed costs come to as much as 60-70% of total operational costs. Despite this, the inciusion of quality feed ingredients containing vrotein, lipid, carbohvdrates, ;itamins and minerals in correct proportion while preparing feed, is ,inevitable. In any case, feed stuffs of animal origin which are rich in protein and of high nutritional value are generally expensive and are also becoming scarce over years. In this background, research on farm-oriented feed preparation to work wt formulae to reduce the feed cost  without affecting the nutritional requirements of farmed animals and to enable increased utilisation of dietary nutrients has become imperative. For reducing the feed cost, thus, a feed producer has to now depend on plant based ingredients as an alternative source. Plant ingredients are however hown to contain less of nutritional value, besides having antinutritional factors. Fortunately, there is a way of enhancement of nutritimal values of plant based feed ingredients, and this i s  through solid state fermentation us in^ suitable micro What  Is Solid Btate Fermentation?: Sold State Fermentation (SSF) is a process in whch micro-organisms are grown on solid materials with less of water needs. Solid state fermentation can be a tool for biotechnological conversion of agricultural residues to improve digestibility and feed value that can impart better growth pdonmmce to fishes as in the cgse of other animals. Recently s s F  has gained interest due to its importance in pductim of nwd feed and feed ingredients with improved amino acid profile, enriched with enzymes, vitamins and other bio-active compounds (Tengerdy, 1996, Wccini et al, 200 1). Factors liEEe moisture Eontent in the substrate, nature of micro- organisms, oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal and temperature play major roles in solid state fermentation. Ad%anhagmi of SSB: These are: 1) It uses less of water, needs only a  small fermenter to synthesis the desired product; 2 )  It is convenient to go for solid state fermentation as it is a simple biotechnological tool for enrich in^: the substrate; 3) The product concentration becomes higher making it easy to purify the product; 4) The chances of contamination are reduced; 5) It improves digestibility of feed stuffs and maximises the assimilation; and 6) It improves aroma and palatabdity of the feed ingredients. Industrial Application of Solid State Ferme~btiom Applications of SSF for mind feed production include not only to those related to improvement in digestibility, but also to those that would increase bio- availability of nutrients and to those that would increase protein value of feed stuffs. Solid state fermentation improves aroma of the feed profile, enriched with desired pro& of fatty acids and vitamins, can be used entirely as animal feed (Singh, K. et a1 1990., Mitra, P. et aI 1996). Many workers have tried with various substrates with a numerous number of micro-organisms to identlfy an acient  micro-organism capable of converting low value agro-wastes to make valuable feed ingredients to produce high value products like enzymes and vitamins. Some workers have reported that by using Rhizophus oligospores, lhchmhrma re& and lign0ceUulosic materials, agro wastes can be improved by SSP to make them suitable to serve as feed ingredients with enhanced protein concentration. Gabriella et a1 (1997) also reported that protein digestibfity of wheat bran was increased even upto 82% by solid state fermentation using fungus LenAmla edodes. mtrther, t h e  s& fungus also helps in the production of phytase which is an essential enzyme that makes inorganic phosphonis available for metabolism. Arora et d[2000] have reported the two fold increase in true ~rotein h m  8.5% in an unfermented sample of potato waste to 13.8% in a fermented one by using Rhtzopus orymk The SSP of soybean flour using Bacillds coagulans improved the protein and NFE contents of the substrate, along with reduction in crude fibre. The efficacy of the fermented product as fish meal substitute in the diet of post larvae of Penaeus monodon was reported by 1meldaJoseph and Paulraj (2003). In another study of SSF of oilcakes using A s p q i h s  *(Strain 6 161, and BaciIkrs couqulans resulted in enrichment of protein, and the fermented product was effective as fishmeal replacement (20%) in shrimp diets (Vijayakwnar, 2003). organisms. ~ h u s a ~ ~ l i c a t i o n  of ingredients which act as an attractant SSF also holds a tremendous improved howledge in fish nutrition and taste enhancer. The fermented potential for production of enzymes. for the production of quality feed has substrates which become rich in A large no of micro-organisms to be mandatory. protein, with improved amino acid including bacteria, yeast, and fungi wheat bran.- a crude protein mW of 14-1696 ~ a a  kbY-uaing-*-** W m m t E a r d 2 4 - 2 7 % ~ h i &  ih dmwt 100% amre enriched m t - w G = l = - Y b e ~ a e a  -Taw- 1. A S ~ ~ I Z L Q  niger used in 'WF j u v d a  tiger ah*, Ptmwrus XLW).lhuaamybmah-ta -----a - k N s t ) o a a l m o n  Can u a  to "'an- fe' ~cadlumgon: In view 01 the avamlture Nutrition, N A T ~  ~ ~ P ~ * ~ & ~ ,  CWRI,Kochl,Alrat .~S1-53.  ~ n o o T ~ i n t h c e r r a s o f  micro-mgpniams~ernmrietyo~ u&i&, ~ ~ m ~ n h l  and food p)asimtim for b-e pmtcin , CHAEZRABORTY. R. r t ~ d  biotecbnology utiliscs enzymes. mUetion. No doubt Hmaresewch~canalsoUlinlrol proteins . aupplmenting cntymis enriched -mt, m. J. &i I d  m-, B a  ingredients in feeds prepared for fishes without denaturing its c n v a t i e  values during * PMI@m, A., . IELVAUWAR, P., pr=-h% fC# Of SaCCOZ, CR. and PIIQAM, F, I-. ' W-wb SqUd ~tate fermentation fw the f e a d f ~ ~ .  sow atate fmlmmdw -N an'* mt&aal &mat Sd, mi): 149-162. ' can mm Fr re~dt-mto .of the ~ l t l u e  b i o l ~ ~ o f m  lsfe S'NGH, K.. LINDEN, C. J.. JOHNSON, rliak%MSs"-*=ty -kwm- E. J. and'l"ENGeRoY. P. R., 1990. to facilitate their e n ~ m a t i c  -e Bioconveralon of wheat straw to h~""~d5* WY ~'PQ-Wm' p ~ u c e  betttr -r of dcm- animal fmd by d i d  ~ ~ b ~ t r e t e  a grow an soEd substrates but . Qtul5gieQlted a ftrmcnhW or ensiling. fnrfkur J. g r o w t h m d i d ~ ~ i s a t y p i d  futurr In-, -,~):aol-m~ pmperty of Wamentous fungi that d e a y ~ ~ . T h e u a e o f ~  TENGERDY, R.P., 1996, Cdhibhte procedses for increasing the -OZ*- prdtaatioa by solid substrate digeetibility of ligno-cellulodc &lce it - ferrnenWm. JSEi. id. &a+, Se: wM -- can be rbe and requires not much ~f a1m1& way especially due to the direct emhmmEal cunml- ~ t y o f ~ ~ p r o d t a c t ~  - WCCINI, 9., ~ T c E ~ E L L ,  DA., BOIT, ~ * ~ ~ ~ t 6  8.&, GERM,. J.C, DA ROSA. A,S., f r a . d a q *  m * & e m m &  ARORA, M:, SEHGAC, V, K. and COmA, R- u., D M E m W ,  F-D.B., & in d -0 W A R ,  V. X., 21300. P&u~tLoh oF VQM W E N  W. K-R, M., ac idwIf i t -bmw i t m @ m a a d a q k s e s b y d i d  % W l . ~ n d ~ h o f ~ & d c  &d met m be ' ' ' & M a substrate fementsti6n of potato- h-eu- &Stte m a h l .  mt.  his i t  waste. J. ~dictrrb.iol., 40: F u d  ' S e x h d  M n d . ,  89: -252. 4 - The ~ I i d  substrates like wheat w r k C h , & k d m W @ E d d  BH&THAQAR, D.D. m, mw Vwfd'MUkyll, 2043. solid other dead ingmdicnts should be of-* M p- lry e -- of ~il cakes and wheat ~ f o r ~ t h e m r f a c e t o  ~ w t m u s i n g ~ t y @ y  f l m u a m d ~ o f t t r e ~  wlume ratio and to get a better mangrme m p .  M,F.B=. Iti &bp hi, EF.e. (MwhdW c d i t i o n f a r m i e r o b i d a ~ T h e n  -T- ~hm-tatian,hbmiWtoCenmd the d i d  eubsfrate has to be to ten-1 Institute of %h&es Inatitute of FisheAm Education, mohtmed with mw to a m%rtain -, ~ m w ,  - M-w India, 85p. 

Nutritional Quality of Feed Ingredients: Upgradation by Solid State Fermentation (SSF)

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Nutritional Quality of Feed Ingredients: Upgradation by Solid State Fermentation (SSF)

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