Selection of suitable species is an important prerequisite for successful prawn culture. This becomes more 'essential when the prawn population of a given loca1i ty or region is multi-species in nature and the individual species possess different biological characteristic

Suseelan, C

CMFRI Digital Repository

SU.tvljviER INSTITUTE IN HATCHERY ,PRODUCTION OF J PRJ,HN SEED AIm CULTURB OF HARHTE 18 !.pril - -; 7 Hay 1983 CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES R;ESEARCH lNSTITUTE COCRIN ~ 682-018 CANDIDATE SPECIES AND, THEIR SPECIAL CHARACTER.jS~ICS FOH AQUACUJ,TUPJ': C. Suseelan Central Marine Fishe-ries Eesearch Institute, Cochin-6S2018 INTHODUCTION Selection of suitable species is an important pre-requisite for sucQessful prawn cuI tuee. This becomes' more 'essential when the prawn population' of a given 10ca1i ty or ~egion is multi-species in nature and the individual species ~ossess different biological characteristics. Some species handling under controlled do not yield easily to artificial Further, all those' species which can be ' ,' t:ured in the practical sense need not necessarily beprofi t-also because of various reasons. The culture operation an elaborate and expensive process involving production intenance of differGnt life stages of the prawns, it is tive to have a cleGl,r unde!;,stanrting of the biological and other desired qualities before an~r species is \ for this pUrpose in order to obtain good results. The paper discu,sB,es the important species. r of maril'1.8 pran.ms , I . at pre'sent, potentially cultivable species and thEf (' e.rist:i<rs which make them sui table for aquBcul ture. 'r 2 CA~mIDATE SPECIES FOR~JLTURE ~ . Although several species of prawns occur' in the me-rine environment contributing t~ the capture fisheries only a few of them are at present used· for culture purpose. ' ,Except for -some ~:xp~:l"i.lfle:tl~i:ll stu..;l iB s __ CJll'rie d out on a few specie s of car idea.n pr~l:\\rnfl i .n Europe in the . re"oef,lt past Ole eve , 1969" For s tel' &: Wiokins. 1972.; Ling &; ea s t~ 110, 191'6), the oultUre 'Wprk is mo.stly :r:e ·st:ticf.e~ to pana~id pI:'a'1 nff ob-viouely beoause oteertfli,n ,special q'U~li ties inh'3:rnnt L."l tl'.lem. 'Major! ty of the , speoie ~ belonging "Q' twa im1!<U +,u"t. genPra of t,hi6 grouP ' namely Fenal!£l''! and Hetan81'lEl,!l1.18 ,h"", rs un estuarine ph&ger in t'~eir 1:\.fa9;t~le and maoy 0 ·tl1em are subjaot.ed ',0 la:rg~ ' scale oulture in l1anw countries eSp&<'}iallj' in S('mth .... E~n't, As1@.. '~~h~ !\ffidament:al 1?rimTipl.e involifeq, in the erxipJ ipg. culture . practi 'af} i.B tald.Jlg a:dVDiI'11:;a,"'<;3 or the 1}rackishwlte:r ph.aae in the lii'ecycle of' tl1e p'T~W..n,s.. speoie a 01' these ·ge.n€ra breed the set;;l. <15' tne other pena .ids and' a£ter completing thei:r larval 'PM,g'a ~hE:: po s tl&rv$tO mi g1;eJ, 1~B in to e s b11.f.l,ri e: a a.nd Wt'}t:-waters wbe:re th~y. 13;;001·1 fest flod t.l1en return to the' sst?o o:n :rea.~hi~ or ne~I'ir~g ~dulthood. Though tbio is the generat. patt6lI'n of li£ecyele t the e 'xtent .of deIJ,endare. on e.s'cuarinll! environn 'entB vary trpm &pecies to apc,ai8 p, (.lep~nding an thei~ ~cOPh;Ys.iologit)al propElI,lt±e", .. Fresently cultured species in the world The pen~u~id p118W,nS at prB~ent use-d fot: cnltnrs .l.,n 'difie~ent part~ of ;the \.,rorld include th~ S:oilowing B~ ii"s tHo lthuis , 19$~; Mutlnl "t. ,,1, 191;12). , 1e me-rine r a few ~pt for -3 of 1969,; ::mltUre because ity of group e in ge. scale ia. "The e lase in , breed in! Leir ld back-:a on ~neral-~uarine Penaeu~ japonicus f ;p .ch;i.n~nsis K·marginatus P.monodon '" P.semisulcatus ~ - . P.indicus J:.merguiensis P.latisulcatus ;E.kerathurus. P.paulensis P.brasiliensis P.schrnitti r ·no"tjalis J:.aztecus P.p.uorarum P.setiferu8 1: .vaXillamei P.californiensis P.stylirostris P. penicillatu8 r. pIe be .ius Metapenaeus ensis M.brevicornis M.Jl\o;y;ebi M .. affinis 11 . do bsoni H.monoceros !1.1J!;sianassa M.stebhingi .t'!.'joyneri M.bennettae H.maclea;yi l)e\xawnse 0:29i~ !txllfer~ .1'},1e.oticu/3, muelleri ~rtemesia longj.naris Of these, the first 7 species of each of the Genera :J${!aeus and Metapenaeus are the important ones contributIng ~~ the traditiopal culture fisheries of the South-East Asian well established intensive or semi-intensive practices of the Indo-Pacific region. r.,iaponicus is candidate species cultivated in Japan employing the highly d techniques of prawn culture. Table 1 indicates the cultured in different countries in some f.orm Indian Indian waters are well known for their rich resources pra1tlns and among the penae i ds ,as many 8,$ 52 'spe~de s l;lre t.o oceur ;i·n the c O? st~l region (G¢ orge., " 979) i ' While ... ~"___ I .' . several of them contribute to the capture fishe.ries of the mEi rib· .... r'.na. et~Tj.ne en"",i~otu!l.ent$ 1,;he :f.'ollo\.rlng ni-na sp~it. 6 -are important from the stand pOilY~ of aquaculture, as,wthey are either -traditionally cultured in large:; quantities p:c have ga substantial ,progress in culture experiments in the country. P .incUcus I'll. do bsoni ..., . \ P. st-?miErulcatus H.brevicornis - ..........------ -'0 I .:g~rguiensi s P. st,,.lif3ra _4 __ ~ ____ _ H.mCDoceros - . ~Apart from these, many other species also occur along and east coasts which have immense potentialities for Hater culture. The most importsnt gmong them fire po.9anali-:-fy.ll:-1~·us, r.penicillatus, P • ..i<?:R9Bi9_~>2, H.kutchensis and Para perl.§l8 02'2t§. SC1::J,pt i)i.53 .. The above mentioned candidate species guished ba.sedon certain morphological features.. such e.s rostr'L!Tll, csrapace wi til itEl vaTions spines, 2';idges grooves, telson, appendages and the secondary BexuDl j such as petasma, thelycum and I3ppencUx masculina are i::np for 'taxonomic purpose (Fig.,1' &' 2). The indi'1Tidual be identified by following the field keys p~ovided bY,Geo (1969, 197~) and Kunju (1978). Although suitable species for aqu8.cultu-re are ava through the Indian coasts, regional variations " occur vIi th regsrd to the type of species and their relative abund George and Suseelan (1982) recently studied the distribu pattern of cultivable species of pl'awns in the trafkish areas ,of the mari time eta te s. The occurrence preponderance of important cultivable species of in different partso! Indian coasts are shown in of the speci f3 S s.~they are have ga oUIltry. 19 tile vJE; 81 ~ r br"fl·cki ,canali-md ; d.:1.stin-~Tacters ~idges an~ c11t~'''ac rB r' vIi th undaDce. nee i ~ bl.~ 2 . 5 Table I 1 • Penaeid P:r:}~ll1S cultured in different parts of the vlOrld ,]ap8n Kore a Taiwan Philippines Thailsnd Malaysj·q .Singapore v .. , Indonesia Austrnlia !Bangladesh • t~l'ra.nian coaf3t .& Sr,e1.in) 1: . ..:i£;J?Q0:.t_9..~~'s*, ;P_ .1,a t l:£1:~12~'~~~' tl·j2.,yger~_ r.. c1~~}]~p.:Jtl?_-*, .:~. _,i?:::IO~~): cus., !:i. jgYAe:rj:. P .mar{;j.:.n;:;3JJl~* ~ £_.~icilla t}!8, £.japonj:£.~~, ~. ~lOQ.Q9:..Q!!, ;t ~ _~~;mi sulcat.:!}s, ]j. eDS i§. * l;! • j.o~Q.~2;,i P.mo.,nodpu.-);.. ·P • .1Wl"jC1 a ., M ... ensi p* .. -,-.- -......... - ~.-...--F .. '* m' ~. . '* 'p I . . mc .. ~u le.l'1(j.1 S t .t;- .. ~ '~n l ."l'tl-S;-_ , • a. .J. -- _.-- ---"---- - .... ~". -- -- --... "!: ~.n.~it9...l.L-~.-)f- , -:!:~ . tq£e.J!'~~J.~~i~ , M •. moyeoi, J .~l~ ' , ~1.b'J;"::'" j" ·9:-.i:!S* , ~ .1YL 1~naB8U* . I .J...,.r'd i Uf?;,o;· t =-=- 'm€r.t'.Ll.'tlil~12r.:;.i~* J.: .1llollod'On*. , .1-1 brety.1eoTr.ils~- M .. 811Sisoj(· ~ - _~ ______ ~ _ _ . J _' - _ lz • )VI. morl(; cere fj* ~ -~ ~----"-P.l.a.:-;:l-Sl:7 .. 1.( .. ~8t_",J_,c< . P p·lebel·'1'" ~/f "'ennettqe ;;::.. :::-___ -~- _~ _ .., • -'_-___ . ~~_~_,.s:'. ~ .:.-. • fJ " ., _._:: __ , 1 . mo n-oil m P .. m0,l.2}oJJl'::, -rj . ,,~m +,S'1.ll,o.,u t'Q.!*, ;J? .. ~I·)'!~:.ten6J ... ~. r l"'Lp-~Qrh_.:.·t~ J'{Q.bsQ'ni.* . r"t mongceros* t L.~<';'.?ffJ.@ a;, .P .".:J~)!):Lf'!ilr -. , . ~ .§e!!~is\llc!1 tu~, J:.: .mo.Q.o...s.Q.;Q., 11 :9X[in~0_? Jj.gtebbingJ P.kerathuTUS' E • .iapoDicu~ R.m1Erler~~ A .loQgin2r~~ P.paulensis Ta ble 1 contd .• > CCl.:m try/region '- Brazil' Cuba U. S .~. n California Hawaii 6 Species p~bre.siliensiS -- --~-- -, ~.~cE~tti, r·notialis g.§ly,j.ecu.§., f .duorarum ; p .se tiferus, p.vannamei - -f' ... ca~.ttQ.~~d.-~~ /?,t g .~jJ.':y,J::i r Q,§, tr is. p.merginatus -- ---~-----* Major species supporting pond <eul ture fisheries . ,Table ' 2. Ca-ndidate t'Jpecies p.vailable, f.or aq118cul t,me along the coasts 01.' JJ'#ri ti~ lJtF.t.~s 'in Itldia Haritim8 states Region -------------------------------------------------------------------North f.p.§E:~cillatu:s, P .merg,.uiensis, I:l .!utchf.Hlfi}if! M_previcop.nis . South 1? • .Q~ licilla~'1JE!.." 1"1 monGCer0s t :p .,g9u]:R!!iliei Speci8s Gujarat ThrQug110Plt ! . ]Bn~ Q iUa tUB, , M. m0Jtge~', L'1 .,.nft ii,l.i S' , cornis, 2.sculptilis .--~ -Mahara~htra Goa T~oughout g.~erguiE}naiS, E,.indic:ust ll·w.onocer.os • K1;1rnataka North South Kerala Throughout Tamil Nadu South : "i~erutit? 3tris - ,.-, ... ure bdie iensi§., rnis. ----t iensis, 7 _Table 2 contd. lvJ.aritime states Region Species North Andhra Pradesh South North ,. P.inc1fcus, :P.monodon, M.mono-ceros, M.dobsoni - ---.-Orissa Throughout P.indicus,P.monodon, M.mono-£§"J:'os, H.;do - isQ.ni, ~:-e..flil~-=-West ,Bengal Throughout 'Among the s'pecies of Genus Penaeus, the most common species ~ocally.av8.ilable for culture purpos: are ·P.,Penicillatus and .¥..lI1e:t'fj;lien~ . along'the northwest coast" P.indiclls in the south-west and southeast coasts, P.monodon" g . ';ndicus and P.merguienfii ~ .. in tlie centra.l €8$t coes.t a.nd P liJonodon and P . indiQ--q.s in t!.J.e extrema northeast. coast • Tlw genus l'1etapcna,EU,l§. is predominantly sente d byM . It;ut c.rte us i s in GUj&ra t , M. t!!£nooe ros in ME.\haraellu'a. Pra,deSll aud 01'1 ,888, M .doqsoni in Gqa f i{arnataka , Kerala f,md 1 Naqu end. M. brevioornJ.s in An4hra Pradesh and TAfest Bengal. DESlRABI;E QUALITIES OF ' THE SPEQIES FOR -4QUACULTURE n 6~ace and time In a II\Ultispeoies :populat.;lon the availability' of suitable in the locality at the appropriate time is art i~portan for SUeoess iJl commerci al p a wn culture . Most of tbe operations at present, carried out 2.DEl in the coastal or i n the vioit)," ty of estuaries 8t;1..d bac-kwaters and , ,. a therefore those species 'which axe readily: available. around these --zones of operation have great e.r advantage tbanthose r-<- "- ... occUl'ring :far f3..#wy from this area:. Further ., flele~tlon of 10 e;peci's ,s will be,. always more bene :f.icial than introducing new onee to t-he areli,\ bepaUae "0f the risk involved in -heir accli-mation to an unfamiliar environment. 2; Reproductive behaviour and fecundity • OCCUl.'reXlCe Qf a.:pawneI'$ close t o the ar ea of cul tu:re t availahil ty d"uring BTt::~ter p-;:Lrt of the year , capacity t o , ' many t~me.s duri ng life span , high feClltldi ty. ~nd ree.dincss spawn under controlled oonditions are 'aome o f the iUlportant . repro(uctiv~ features of pr awrm which cOf),:tribute to their I s'ui t'abili ty for culture. 1,(1 our w~turs , p . indicuf!l abd c rpg ~re found to breed in compar' tivel y deepsx areas llt:bora,l zOne, while I3pec·(~ s Such aos N .. dobson..i and P ,' ;;;";;"o£.::.:~ do the .'~,awe i n sI1allow' waters wi thj.nabout 2~ fil oepth . t he speois 0" pe.;naelt prelW1"lS hBV~i protr act ed breedl.ng and .are 08 )&J.blo af p;r'oduc· ng l arge n 1.l1."'lber of eggs. T.b~ t nu.u ~er of eggs pr6duced b3. t! e fE:lmale prwt.t at a time var ! f:r.om species to sp oie s ru1d wi t,h the size of the pra\,fn . e$tirnaterl fec1-mdi ty ~~ejlge for s-on~e of t i e COUlffi:on specie s P~ip.dicu- {)B,OOD to 7,1,000 1 P.mono"d911 - 300 .000 t ,o 700, ::='.8 -.cU" ul,catl;l.§. - ~67 ~900 . to 660 900, M.dobs~ni- 34,500 to 16,O,doo, M /;1:fi':i.r.d.~' - 8"8 , 000 to 363 , 000 and P s-tyliIe:ret-39" ,00 to 23b,OOO eggs (Rflo, 1978). Recent laborat{)ry e carried out in India. on prawn breeding have sh9wn thel t ! don, r.indicus, ll. ergpiensis , _.8e~isulcatus, M.dQbsoni, b. .monoce.ros , !j,. e.ff· niB eLL d 1) _,stYlii'el's readily .spawn .in vity and cOtJ,aldarable progress have been achieved in the country for large, scale p,roduction, of t heir seeds ill the hatchery. . ... lose J1 of'lo ~ new eccIi--re, the to bre ess to rtant .eir t<i.r:;lOno--- -of the the 9 The length of larval phase 8ncl the rnmber of lnyvl";ll stage s involved in the lifecycle of prFlwns are imporl.a.nt aspects to be considered especially for the developElent of efficient hatcht~l'y systems. A shorter period of metamorphosis coupled·with less number of larval stages would wke the hatchery pr()Cf~S~i easier and economical. The duration of larval deve lopmcnt in Illost of tlie penaeid prawns mentioned above is r6)latively short and the metaIJlol~phosis Hhich involves 12-15 larval stages is compl@ted in 8-12 days. • '4. GrC?vr~.f~~!:.e ano tJ~e ~i~e att3inc~t ~n brac£:J§ln,,~~ Selection of species for cor~1l1ierci.e l culture - largely depe nds rupon the rC',te of growth and the IG.8:dJ~lUm size .s tta ined by them '. n brackishv!8. tcr encl-oGu:ces. Fast gr01.Jing spc cie S 1..vhich could -,deld short-terLl harvests are the nost suitable species for :,,-- ) ~~tensive prawn f'arL1ihg. It is well known tb.a t I1ajority of ~·,.e species vJhich have an estue.:cinc phase in the ir IJfecycle varies froLl species to species • . Sirnil8J~ly? the Haximum attained by theL.1 in these habitats are also highly variable .. , £ those species vlhich occpr in t~18 estuarine .ecosystenl:1 s belonging to the genus R.~[1.eus grow to very large size _ tively shorter period of time -and hence they are ,._ or to anyoth;;:;r prawns for culture purpose. P .IHonod6n to the maxirrlUD size of a bo:ut 250 m;m in brackishwater . followed by 1:.indicuE!, R..mer..F.;u~~nsi~ and others. ond it! of feeding on a 1,.Jide range 'of items and the ~o s:t'Qlo7 well ,,,ith. lOre Col J,uitur.;;.l fo ' d are iJ;lpO:rt.flht (;lontXibtlting to the prCl\ . .,r.r I E :aui tsbili "t,y for r.:;ul tUI'ElIo The food preference varies considerably at different life 8 tages:. 0 .£ 'bh~ prf'wllls :~ While th~ lary:al prawns fe ,d· o'l'l plankt.onic i t.erns, juveniles and adults s1J..·Dsist on organic det.ritus and a variety ot: animal and plant ¥1aterials avail-8ble at the botto$l. A wide ran,ge o£ .f e·8.o.i,ng na;bitain .different habitats effect a faster grdwth rate and higher survival rate for the prawns. Ready acceptabiii ty ~f artifi c1al diet·s and Detter fqod conversion efficiency are the other 'desired qualities of 'the prawns especially for intensive culture. The hardine ss of prawns make them sui ta ble for any type of a-q~chl'tur(! opera tiona. SiAoe tbe vaTio l,lB fl't- .gee in the lifehistory of prawns ~re distributed in different environ-mental conditions between the' sea and estuaries they show -di£f0:l'ent ~aleranoe ~ :e,nd preference ,,0 envir6.mIlental p-a,l.--a-meter~., Amon;f5 tl1e'se , ,ealj.:nity lln~ ~mperatUre are the l1I.O:i1 '\:. important factors which play signJ..fiGlant roles in the ma t~u-e. .. t10n of ovaries . breeding , an~a dis'tributi,on 01' yo~ omra. 'MOet of tlha .c~ridida te .species occl,ll'rillg in Indj,a have the eapac'ity to tplerate ,wide ;renge of salinity ana te-mpe.:rat'l.lre cendlt i ons 'in tnpoatlarval and juvenile suItable. for cmlt'Ure i n all bracki~hwat,x grgdien·ts . th~ ~m:runon ~pecie6" ~.lndicus .. _ ,.moh.octoA, 1'4 dobson; 8,.,Qd M .IllonOrc,sros are able t 'G 8urvi"V8' well in s,~:Ui·t+i~iel3" belQW 5 (George & Suseelan, 1982). 7. Compatibility w1 th oU~ spc:lc~es The compatibility of prawns with b.rackishwateri'isl1-e fellow species of prawns a-to va:tir;)u~ st'sges of growth .Ls prime limpor,tance for consideration in rnixed/polycul ture operations. ife ,niC .vail-3r food of 'the ny type in the lviron-show po.ra-le most ~ mS.tura-jnes. : the srature ing them Among and ,e l o\>J 5 1 is r.~ 11 8. Narket demand and economic factors Among the sea foOds exported from India, prawns and shrimps constitute the major portion. The increasing demand for p:ra'ltm products in foreign markets makes prmvn farming more attraetive. The ' freezing comp&nies have'also become wide spread all OVf;r the country and the demc:md for large sized pra1t.Tns by the industry ha.s stepped up considerably. The compctit ive demand for prawns from allover the vJOrld is so much that neH p:rice levels are being reached every year for this COTIlillDdi ty. In the context cf· greater demand for larger prawns in the export trade, species tbat grow very rapidly and attain bigger ,sizE' in the shortest period have to be selected for profitable commercial culture. O\<ling to the large sizes attained in brackishwater conditions specie~ of the gemJ.s Eer:~~y.s are preferred for aquaculture allover the world. REFERENCES OO1orster, J .R.N. and J .E'. ~J.ickins. 1972 PraviD culture in the -.~ United Kingdom; its status and potential. ~. ~.eo.fl..DJ:_~_.Fish .. R0s.G.B. (New Ser.), C?I): 32p 1969 Prawn fisheries of India.II. Systematics-t8.xonomic considera tiona and general (!iatri but ion . ~ull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. lust., 14: 5~48. 19'{,9. TaxonolllY-' of Indian prawns (Penae idae, Crustacea, Decapoda). Contributions to l'1arine Sciences dedicated to Dr. C.V. Kurian: 21-59 , N. J. Jil: de . Suse .1an 1982 Distribution of species of pra\vns in the backwa ters and estuaries 'Of India with reference to coa,stal.aquaculture. Proc.Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 1: 273-284. Holthuis, L.B. 1980 Shrimps and prawns of the world. FAO Fish. ~., (125) 1: 261 p. w- \ Ling, S.H. and T.J. Costello 1976 Review of culture of fresh water prawns. FAO Doc. No. ·FIR: A9i Conf ./76. Muthu, H.S., M.Kathirvel, P.V. Rao and N.N.Pillai. 1982 Hesearch progress in the culture of penaeid prm.,rns a16ng the coasts of Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific. J?roc. S;imn.. Coastal Ag:u8.cul ture, 1: 1-11. Rao, P.Ved8vyasa 1978 l1aturation And spawning of cultivable marine penAeid prawns. ct{[i'~J_:?peQJal publication, No.3: 57-67. Reeve, l·Lli. 1969 The sui tabili ty of the English pravln . Palaemon serratus (Pennant) for cultivation" ;... a -- """ -prelirilinary e.ssessment 0 FAO Fish~ Hen., (57) 3: 1067 - 73 •. -XI' ******* .' 

Candidate species and their special characteristics for aquaculture

http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8485/1/Summer_institute_in_Hatchery_Production_of_Prawn_Seeds_and_Culture_of_Prawn_Seeds_Suseelan.pdf

Candidate species and their special characteristics for aquaculture

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

CMFRI Digital Repository