Most fisher women were taking rice as it was their staple food. The mean consumption of rice was 330 gm/day. The consumption of pulses was 18•25 gm/day. The consumption of green leafy vegetables was found to be less and was observed to be 12 gm/day. The consumption of other.

vegetable was also less. Consumption of fish was found to be more as it was easily available for them. Cereal consumption was found to be high in Andhra Pradesh followed by Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu

Dhanapal, K

Hassan, Femeena

Kasim, H M

Khader, Vijaya

Lakshmana, G

Lakshmi, J

Narayanakumar, R

Sathiadhas, R

Sudhakara, N S

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Chapter 4 NUTRITIONAL STATUS Of fISHERWOMEN J. Lakshm(, K. Dhanapal*, Vijaya Khader*, R.Sathiadhas**, H.Mohamad Kasim**, R.Narayanakumar ...... , N.S.Sudhakara*** and Femeena Hassan** Abstract Most fisher women were taking rice as it was their staple food.' The mean consumption of rice was 330 gml day. The consumption of pulses was 18·25 gml day. The consumption of green leafy vegetables was found to be less and was observed to be 12 gml day. The consumption of other. vegetables was also less. Consumption of fish was found to be more as it was easily available for them. Cereal consumption wasfOLlnd to be hig in Andhra Pradesh followed by Ke(sla. Karnataka , and Tamdnadu. Pulse consumption was 'high In Kerala when cnmpared to other sta.tes in which survey Was don . Fisher women of Ke(sla ponsumed higher amount of other vegetables. rru ils, sugar & Jagger:y, fish, milk & milk products. Low in take of aU the food groups was observed among the fisher women of Karnataka. The overall energy intake of the fisherwomen was found to be 1827 K.call day, protein intake was found to be 50.6 gm I day, CHO - 343.5 gml day and fats was found to be 27 gml day. The mean intake of micro nutrients was found to be lower than RDA. Introduction Diet is a vital dsterminant of health and nutritional status of people. The dietary habits of people I families I communities vary according to socio - economic factors, regional constrains, and traditions. Precise information on food consumption pattern of people, through application of appropriate methodology is often needed not only for elucidating the relationship of nutrient intake with deficiency as well as degenerative diseases. Energy, Pro tem, C1-l0 and Fats are majo nutlients, .e Energy, prote ll1, vi tamins and mll1era~$ a e needed in diffe rent amounts to grow ,live & thrive . In planning a diet, foods sho Id be chosen in prOp9( amounts. Such a diet shouk! be eaten In suf ficient quantity daily to provide ttl e needed energy and also to ensure supply of at least a minimal quantity of essential nutrients to maintain the body functions in proper working order. The requirements of all these nutrients depend on age and sex of the individual. Food Consumption Information on food consumption pattern is also essential for assessing the food needs of population groups. At national I regional level, no realistic policies on food production, procurement and distribution can be formulated without a thorough knowledge of food habits of the people. Quantitative information on diet is also needed for fixing minimum wages and organizing rationing and mass community feeding programmes. In recent years, economist$ are making Ll'Se of dietary energy data for defining poverty levels of population groups. Methodology To elicit the information on the food consumption of preschool children and fisher womem 'n th e selected villages, a detailed information on the food consumed and frequency and amount pu~cha1>ed were noted and the total amounts of each food consumed for a period of Qne month wa~ Jloted. 24 ~QI!I~ recan method combined WI h one day weighment was- employed to assess the Autntklnel statue ef fisherwomen and preschool children (1-5years). • Achatya .G.Ranga AgricultlJral Univctslty, Hyderabad -500 030 **Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute - Kochi - 682014 *** College of Fisheries, Mangalore, 575 002 41 The purpose of diet survey was explained thoroughly. i.e food items served in plate before eating are noted. The cooked jngredi.ents were measured through 'cups and were than converted to raw ingredients. Standardization of cups for volume Take a set of the diet survey cups and mark the edges of all cups to a particular level. Fill each of the cup with water and measure the water in each cup with measuring cylinder to know the volume of the cups . Standardization of cups for weight Take a set of 12 diet survey cups and rank the edges of all cups ~o a partlculars level. Fill each of the cups in a uniform way with cooked rice and welgo, :Deduot the weight of the empty vessel.. The mean intake in forms Or raw equivalents from intake of cooked amounts were calculated using the formula ( Thimmayyamma , 1986) Individual intake of items in raw equivalents ( gm/ ml) total raw amount of each Ingredient used in preparation X Individual in take cooked amount Total cooked amount of each preparation g/ ml. The nutritive values of foods consumed were calculated using the nutritive value of Indian (Gopalan et aI., 1989) foods. Statistical analysis The date generated has been utilized to meet the objectives of the study. Frequency distributions, Mean and Standard Deviations and tests of significance were utilized and the results are provided for each of the variables studied. Analysis variance, Chisquare test and multiple comparision ' 1' test procedures were utilized and the results are been provided in the chapters (Visveswara Rao, 1996) Result and Discussion a) Food intake of fisher women Details of food consumption among fisherwomen are provided in table 1. Cereal consumption was high among the fisher women of Andhra Pradesh, followed by Kerala, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. This is because cereal grains (rice) form the major proportion of their Diet. 42 rsrs I. N o A. 2 K. 3 Ke 4 Ta 0" S I. N 0 1 2 3 4 Table 1: Food intake of fisherwomen (gml Capita I day) State Cereals Pulses Green Other. Fat & Fruits Sugar & Milk Poultry leafy vegetable. oil Jaggery ·BI vegetable Milk prod. AP 469 19.5 21.6±12.7 23.19 19.1 25.0 19.81 38.4 15.4 ±124.0 ±9.0 2:,17.7 :!:.,6.7 ±8.7 ±7.3 :!:30.7 ±23.7 3.6 ±5.8 Karnataka 246 7.13 11.61 8.3 7.21 8.0 2:,2. 3 8.82 12.31 :!: 20.8 +5.4 15 2:,4.41 ±2.13 +10.6 ,2:.2.9 ,2:.9.42 ±4.1 17.0 Kerala 384 31 71 16,0 31 .0 ±2.4 111 129 +11.4 +3.5 8.2 ,2:.20.1 ±3.8 ±4.2 2:,38.7 +19.49 ±1.3 21 .7 Tamilnadu 224 15.0 14.2 ±2.3 12.2 12.2 ±3.4 40.0 12.0 ±52.8 2:,3.0 ±1.9 ±1 .9 .2:.8.0 ±2.5 Overall 330 18.15 12.0 30 13.9 20.8 16.64 49.5 22 .1 ROA 300 40 100 100 20 120 20 200 -Note: Figures given are mean ±SD, RDA: Recommended dietary allowance, ICMR (1998) Overall mean intake of pulses was found be to 18 gm I day. Consumption of pulses was high among the fisher women of Kerala followed by Andhra Pradesh. Green leafy vegetable consumption wa very low. Consumption of other vegetables was high in women of Kerala. Oil consumption was Il igh in fisherwomen of Andhra Pradesn. foHowed by Kerala. Consumption of sugar and Jaggery, milk and milk products, poultry and fish was high among the women of Kerala, followed by A.P. The low consumption of vegetables by the fisher women might be due to the preference of women for fish . All the food items except cereals are observed lower than the recommended dietary allowances. Nutrient Intake Macro nutrient intake From table 2, it was observed that average energy intake by the fisherwomen in the surveyed states was found to be 1820 be k.call day. The intakes of protein, CHO and fat w'ere found to be 50.6gml day, 343.5 gml day and 27 gml day respectively. Higher intake of energy, CHO , Protein and fat was found among the fisher women of Kerala followed by Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Percentage adequacy of macronutrients in each of the states as well as for all the states is given in Fig . No. 1 & 2. Karnataka fisherwomen had lowest· intakes. 4 Fish 14.2 +42.5 92 ±10.8 163 2:.71 147 :!: 56 136 -Table 2: Macro Nutrient intake by the fisherwomen (per capita/day) SI.No State • Energy(K.cal) Protein(gm) CHO(gm) Fat(,gm) 1, Andhra Pradesh 1470 (376) 35.6 (9 .2) 289.0 (60.4) 19.0 (4 .6) 2 Karnataka 1053 (99) 20.4 (2.7) 220.4 (20.0) 10.0 (2.2) 3 Kerala 2967 (414) 97.0 (24.0) 512.0 (20.1) 59.0 (11 .6) 4 Tamilnadu 1786 (254) 49.3 (13.9) 352.7 19.8 (5.3) 5 Mean 1820.0 50.6 343.5 27.0 6 RDA 2225 50.0 20.0 Note: Figures with in the bracket indicate SO values Nutrient Fig. 1: Percent adequacy of macro nutrient intake by the fisher women in all different states studied Energy (!teal) . Prote n(om) 0 , ctlO{'Sm) F'at(gm) Fig.2 : Percent adequacy of macro nutrient intake in all states studied 44 Vlt<i and Tall] was s 2 :3 4 I) T Note: Perc~ Macro nutrient intake by the fisher women Vitamins It was observed that the overall intake of 81, 82, Niacin and Vit C was 0.74mg, 0.63 mg, 13.1 mg and 26.7 mg per day respectively which was lower than the ROA (Table 3) . High intake of Macro nutrient ntake observed among the fishe women of Kerala I followed· by Tamllnadu. This might be because of the parboiled rice consumed in that region . Lower Intake of vitatnhs was observed among the fisherwomen ·of Karnataka. Table 3: Vitamin intake of fisher women (per capita/day) StNo State B1(mg) B2 (mg) Niacin (mg) Vit C(mg) 1 Andhra Pradesh . 0.57 (0.2) 0.59 (0.2) 10.62 (2 .9) 29.1(6.9) 2 Karnataka 0.56 (0.05) 0.16(0.02) 10.30 (5.1) 4.9 (5.9) 3 Kerala 1.0 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 19.00 (4.5) 35.0 (29.3) 4 Tamilnadu 0.84(0.20) 0.80(0.5) 12.80 (2.6 ) 37.9 (4.0) 5 Over all Mean 0.74 0.63 13.19 26.73 6 RDA 1.1 1.3 14 40 Note: Figures with in the bracket indicate SO values ROA: Recommended dietary allowances, ICMR (IPPP) Percent adequacy 0 vitamins In dlfferen states as well as in an the slates is given in Figures 3 & 4 160 140~--~------------~--~----~~~~ 120 r', ~--~----~~~~--~~ 100' 80 .---1 60 +--.:..;.ow.,,' 40' 2.0 o B2 NiacIn VIt.C Vitamins Fig. No.3 Adequacy of Vitamin intake of the fisher women in different states 5 Mean 81, B2 O, lacln ,e Vil Fig. 4: Percent adequacy of vitamin intake of fisher women in all the selected states Mineral Intake Table 4: Mineral intake of fisher women (per capita/day) SI.No State Iron ( mg) Calcium (mg) Total ranks Mean oftha relative ranks 1 Andhra Pradesh 20.33 (5.1) 415 .8 (129.0) 5 2.5 2 Karnataka 3.51 (0.56) 155.3 (74.0) 8 4.0 3 Kerala 27.80(8.4) 539.0 (85.0) 2 1.0 4 Tamilnadu 22.80 (9.0) 391 .0 (90.0) 5 2.5 5 Overall Mean 18.61 375.3 6 RDA 30.00 400.0 27.80 Note: Figures with in the bracket indicate SD RDA: Recommended dietary allowances, ICMR, (IPPP) -From the above table - 4 it was found that the mean intake of iron was found to be 18.6 mg and calcium was found to be 375 mgt day. High intake of iron was observed among the fisher women of Tamilnadu followed by Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Low intake of minerals was observed among the women of Karnataka. 46 Fi 14nr~--~--------~~--~------~~----~ ~ 120+-----~~~----~----------~ (IJ :J 100+---0" 4) 8 0 'I\---90~ '0 t'IJ 20 o Andhra Pradesh Kamataka Kernla Nutrient Tamil nadu Fig. 5: Adequacy of Mineral intake by the fisher women of different states The adequacy of mineral intake of the fisherwomen in all the different states as well as in all the states is given in Figures 5 & 6 Overall Mean Iron 93.8 • Caloum Fig. 6: Adequacy of Mineral intake by the fisher women of all states Conclusion The consumption of cereals was high in Andhra Pradesh as it was a staple food and also people of coastal Andhra Pradesh preferred rice than other cereal grains. The consumption of pulses was high among the women of Kerala, followed Andhra Pradesh. Consumption of other vegetables like roots & tubers , brinjal, lad ies, finger e c. was. high as their availelbility was more and cost less. Consumption o·f oil, milk & milk products, meat was obsented to be high among the women of KeraJa fonowed by Andhra Pradesh. Consumption of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals are high in Kerala followed by Tamilnadu, Andhra Padesh and Karnataka. 47 

Nutritional status of fisherwomen

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Nutritional status of fisherwomen

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