Three large sized Macrobrachium species-. viz. Macrobrachium rosenbergi;, M malcolmsonii and M gangelicum are available in Indian riverine systems. The study on the seed production and growout of these species are being carried out to develop technologies for commercial application. Hence, the knowledge on comparative larval biology of the three species is extremely important to give a new line for developing hatchery technology for large-scale seed production in different agro-climatic conditions. The present communication deals with comparative study of larval growth and seed production of the three larger species

Kanaujia, D R

Mishra, Prasanti

Mohanty, A N

Sethi, S N

Soni, Shalini

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( , .r.::;, . , , P..-oc . v eli 't )..1 to 1..0 \ ~' .. Comparative larval biology of three Macrobrachium species under controlled conditions Salini·Soni, *D R Kanaujia, A N Mohan ty, Prasanti Mishra & S N Sethi Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga., Bhubaneswar 751002, Orissa, India. ·Correspondence: E-mail: drk_cifa@indiatimes.com Abstract Three large sized Macrobrachium species-. viz. Macrobrachium rosenbergi;, M malcolmsonii and M gangelicum are available in Indian riverine systems. The study on the seed production and gTowout of th~se" species are being carried out to develop technologies for commercial application. Hence, the ~owtedge on comparative larval biology of the three species is extremely important to give a new line for deyeloping hatchery technology for large-scale seed production in different agro-climatic conditions. The presep.t communication deals with comparative study oflarval growth and seed production of the thr<:e larger species. Keywords: Macrobrachi~m rosenbergii, M. malcolmsonii, M. gangeticum, seed production, larval biology. Introduction Aquaculture has assumed an important global enterprise, and freshwater prawns have become an important fishery commodity all over the world (Subrahmanyam 1980). Outbreak of viral diseases witnessed in shrimp farming industry has caused great loss in many southeast and south Asian countries, which prompted many medium ~nd small farmers to look forward for the alternate species other than shrimp such as freshwater prawn (Chandrashekharan & Sharma ~997}. Among the freshwater prawns, some of the fast-growing larger Mac:-obrachium species like the giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Indian river prawn M. malcolmsonii and Ganga river prawn M. gangeticum are important as they grow to marketable size (50-250g), and contribute to capture fishery in considerable quantities, in the river systems of both east and west coasts of India (Rajyalakshmi I ~61). A few workers have contributed to standardize the hatchery technology for seed production and growout of M. rosenbergii (Ling 1969; Fujimura 1974) and to some extent for M. malcolmsonii (Subrahmanyam 1974; Rao 1991; Kanaujia & Mohruity, 1992). However, the work in this regard on M. gangeticum is still fragmentary since the species is exclusively found in the river Ganga and Brahmaputra and attains a maximum size of 230 mm in natural habitat. Tiwari (1955), Subrahmanyam (1974) and Tiwari & Holthuis (1996) considered M. gangeticum to be the third largest Macrobrachium species in (ndian riverine Freshwater Prawns : Advances in biology, aquaculture and marketing, 315-32\ I lA o 7- 315 ,.., fl.. .~ \ ' ("c1l1l1'!!!:I!!"": lur,,:!1 biology of ... Salin; Son;. 0 R Kanaujia. A N Moharrty, Prasanli Mishra & S N Sethi ~ystcm suitable for culture. The present work was aimed at studying the compatitive larval biology of the above three species to distinguish their early developmental profiles such as number of larval stages, frequency for attaining subsequent larval stages, duration oflarval cycle, and production of postlarvae (PL), along with physicochemical parameters of the medium suitable for larval rearing. This may facilitate to ovolve a viable technology to establish multi-species hatcheries of these species. Materials and methods · The berried females of M. rosenbergii, M. malcolmsonii and M. gangeticum with grey coloured eggs were procured from the experimental farm ponds of Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, and were given a prophylactic dip in 5 mg L·' KMnO. for two minutes, and then maintained separately for hatching in 300 L capacity plastic pools flUed with 5 g L"' brackishwater. The spent females were removed from the tanks soon after hatching of the zoea I and then the water level in the tanks of individual species was raised by adding ·12 g L·' brackishwater both in M. rosenbergii and M. gangeticum and 18 g L"' for M. m~lcolmsonii. The larval population was assessed by counting 10 samples from 10 different places in the tank in a 100 ml beaker and the la""ae stocked in the rearing tanks. For th~ rearing of prawn larvae, an airlift bio-flIter re.-circulatory system was adopted following Kanaujia & Mohanty (1992). The rearing trials were carried out in triplicates for individual species. The .zoea I of M. rosenbergii and M. gangeticum were fed with newly hatched Artemia nauplii twice daily for one week, and that of M. rnalcolmsonii for 15 days. Thereafter, the feed was supplemented with egg custard (prepared with 3 hen's egg, 30 g milk powder, two Reju-calcium tablets dissolved in 200 ml water, and steam cooked) and fme particles of musseL meat. at six hourly intervals including Arternia nauplii during night hours (between 23 00-2400 h). Larval rearing tank was cleaned daily to remove the metabolites, left over food and moulted shell. The water level in both larval rearing and bio-flIter tanks was maintained by adding fresh brackishwater medium. Water quality parameters su.ch as salinity, water temp'erature , dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia and total hardness were monitored at regular· interv~is oy following the ·methods of APHA (1985). The different larval stages were observed with the help of hand lens and compound microscope. The progressive increase in size ofthe different larval stages were me~ured through stage and ocular micrometers. On the occurrerice of the first few PL, string sheUs were hung inside the larval rearing tank to provide shelter and hiding place to newly metamorphosed PL. Once sufficient PL were observed in the tanks, the string sheUs were lifted out and the PL from the tank were removed before acclimatizing them to freshwater. Thereafter, the PL were counted manuaUy and released in nursery tanks for raising juveniles. Results and discussion Physicochemical parameters reco·rded during larval rearing trials of the three Macrobrachium species are presented in Table 1. Nitrogenous compounds, DO, pH, ionic concentration, dissolved metals, salinity, and temperature are the main physicochemical parameters that play 316 Freshwater Prawns: Advances in biology, aquaculture and marketing, 315-,321 , , . \ ::,' .. Comparative" larval biology of" ".Salini Soni, D.R .Kanaujia, A N Mohanry, Prasanti Mishra &: S N Sethi Tn bit 1 Physicochc:mical pammeters of water d~ring I:arval rea:lng of the ~hcee A{acrobrachill~ · sp'eCie~ P"rameters M. ros~nbergii Salinity (g L"') l2:i6 Temperature ("C) 28-30 pH 7.8-8.3 D.O. (mgL"') 5-7 Total Alkalinity (mgL") 100'130 Ammonical-N (mgL"') , < 0.02 important role in growth, metamorphosis and survival of larvae (Kanau]ia & Mohanty 1992). The water temperature varied within a narrow range of 28-30'C in the present study. New Ii Singholka (1985) have reported 26-30'C as the optimum range of water . tempeT.ture for larviculture of M. rosenbergii. Kanaujia & Mohanty (1992) successfully produced postlarvae of M. malcolmsonfiwithin an ambient temperature range of28-3 I ·C. Most of the biological parameters of aquatic eco.systems are influenced by pH, which range from 7.5-8.5 . New & Singholka (i985) have reported a suitable range of pH between 7,5 and 8.5 in the water during larval rearing ' of M. rosenbergii. Kanaujia Ii Mohanty (1992) also suggested maintaining water pH within the range of7.5 - 8.5 . ln the present study, DO varied from a maximum of4.6-7.0 mgL-' and ininimumof(4-6 mgL-') in M. malcolmsonii, which might perhaps be due to higher salinity of the rearing medium. Dissolved oxygen is an important parameter not only for respiration but also for maintenance of the most favourable and hygienic environment of the larval rearing medium. Ammonia is the second most important wate.r quality parameter as it is highly toxic to the culture organisms. The M. malcolmsonii ft-f .gnngeticum 18-20 12-16 28-30 28-30 1.5-8.5 7.5-8.2 4-6 5-6.5 100-135 100-125 < 0.02 <0.02 . average ammoni"a content was recorded as <-9:"02 mgL-' in ' the present. study, which was ~ignificant1y lower, possibly due to the effective . nitrification of cheiaied arnrnonia iii the rearing medium with the application of Na-EDTA on weekly intervals. Total alkalinity, which denotes the quantity of acid consuming constituents present in the water, ranged from 100-135 mgL"' in the present study. Total alkalinity range from 50-100 mgL" has ear Her been reported as the desirable level Tor .M. rosenbergii larvae (Chandraprakash & Reddy 1993). The progressive increases in size of the lhr,~e Macrobrachium species recorded during l~rval '. cycleare shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1& 2. In the presenl"study, zoea I of M. malcolmsonii and M. 'rosenbergi; measured about 1.5 mm and 1.8 mm respectively, which was similar to those of a comparative study made on the postlarval production of M, malcolm.sonii and M. rosenbergii by Shenoy 'ei al. (i982). The size increase fro.m zoea stage [ to V of M. malcolmsonii was 0.4 mm, which was found less than those of M. gangeticum (1.8 mm) and M. rosenberg;; (1.6 mm), although it has been observed that zoea V of M. malcolmson;; took a comparatively longer duration for attaining stage Freshwater Prawns: Advances in biology, aquaculture and marketing, ) 15-32\ 317 .~ r I : I !, I ! . '.J : I ; . Comparativl: larval biology of ... Salin; Soni, D R Kanaujia, A N Mohanty, Prasanti Mishra & S N Sethi Tnble 2 Size and age of the zoea of the three Macrobrachium species at different larval stages and postlarvae Zoeal stages I \I 11l IV V ' VI VII VIII IX X XI PL M. rosenbergii Age Size 0 1.8 4 1.9 7 2.2 9 2.7 \I 3.4 17 3.9 19 4.2 22 4.4 24 5.5 26 6..1 29 6.9 30 7.4 M. malcolmsonii Age Size 0 1.5 2 1.65 4 1.7 7 1.73 10 1.9 18 3.5 20 3.6 23 4.8 28 6.5 31 7.5 34 8.8 40 · 10 M. gangeticum Age Size 0 1.9 1.5 2.2 3.0 2.7, 4.5 3.3 6.0 3.7 11 4.8 13 5.0 15 5.5 16 6.0 18 6.5 20 7.2 22 8.5. ~' .. ~,-----------------------------------------, 35 30 i 25 ~ & 20 < 15 10 5 318 :..~ .. _. __ ._--_ .. -II --.- M ma/co/msonii ~M rosenbergii -.-M gangeticum 4 III V VI VII VIII IX x XI PL Larval Stages Figure' Duration of each larval stage of Macrobrachium rosenbe~gjj. M malcolnuonii and M. gangetic.um reared in captivity Freshwater Prawns: Advances in biology; aqllaculture- and marketing. 315·321 ., / Comparative larval biology of ..... Salin; Soni, D R Kanaujia, A N Mohal1ty. Prasanti Mishra & .S N Sethi " ---. - .... ---.. -----·-·---·---···..,-----'---,-'1 Figure 1 Progressive increase in size of Macrobrachium rosl!nbergii, M. malcolmsonii and M. gangeticum ~arvae reared .in captivity " • VI (18 days) than those of M rosenbergii (17 days) and M gangeticum (11 days). Further, the duration of the occurrence of first postlarvae in M rosenbergii and M. gangelicum was found to be 29-30 and 20-22 days respectively, which is less than that of M malcolmsonii (34-40 days). Kewalramani el 01. (l971) recorded fifteen moults in 45 days to sixteen larval stages for attaining postlarvae of M malcolmsonii in 70% seawater. Further, Sankolli el QI, (1984) have reported the occurrence of a first few postlarvae in M. malcolmsonii within 40 days, while Rao (1991) and Kanaujia & Mohanty (1992) observed that the larvae of M malcolmsonii pass through eleven zoeal stages before attaining postlarval stage within 39-41 days at salinity and temperature ranging from 18 to 22 g L" and 27.4 to 32°C, respectively. Further, the same authors obtained the first few · post larvae of M malcolmsonii within 39 - 49 days in diluted seawater and 41 days in artificial seawater. The occurrence of the first few postlarvae in M J ~ .. ..s . 1 .• 1 . I v " . '" • x • IMwlet ... gangeticum recorded on 22nd day i~ the present study was similar to that reported by Kal\auj ia el 01. (200 I) who observed it within 20-22 days. In the present study, the larvae of M. rosenberg;;, M malcolmsonii and M. gangelicum were stocked initially at a density of 50 larvae L·', which yielded postlarval productions of28', 17 and 30 PL L-', respectively' at the end of the larval rearing trials (Table 3). Stocking density is OIle of the important criteria for larval rearing and seed production of freshwater prawns. Sick & Bezty (1974) and Ling & Costello (1979) have reported a stocking density of 40 larvae L·' as optimum for M rosenbergii for better survival and production of post larvae. Rao & Tripathy (1993) recorded a higher stocking density of 500-700 larvae L-' during initial phase, which was reduced to 50-80 larvae L" in the second phase oflarval rearing of M rosenbergii. The growth ' and survival of postlarvae of M malcolmsonii obtained by Kanaujia & Mohanty (1992), and that of M Freshwater Prawns: Advances in biology, uquucullure ami mark4.'ling, 315·321 3t9 - .. ;;-r .j ;. , 1 r 1 I i " " , J, ! I , Compatntil:c larval biology of ... Salini Soni. D R Kana.uj ia, A N Mohanry, Prasanli Mishra & S N Se thi Tuhle 3 Comparison of larval rearing trials of three Macrobrachium species Particulars M. rfflnb-ergii Stacking dens ity (larvae L-I ) 50 Volume of rearing medium(L) 300 Appearance of first PL (days) 28-31 Total no. of PL 8396 Postlarvae L"' (PL L-I) 28 Duration of cycle (days) 30-55 , rosenbergii by Rao & Tripathy (1993) are in agreement with the present study. In the present case I M "os.e~bergfj took as long as 30-55 days to produce 8 396 PL (28 PL L·I); M malcolmsonii, 40-70 days to produce 5 099 PL (17 PL L".); and M gangeticum, 22-40 days to produce 8998 PL(30 PLL'I). The variation in the durations of occurrence of the first postlarvae, and larval cycle for different species under identical conditions might be due to genetic variations. The results of the present study indicated comparatively higher production ofPL of M gangeticum within a short duration than those of M malcolmsonii and M rosenbergii, which were found close to the previous reports, The larval rearing trials in the present study revealed that among the three larger Macrobrachium species I M gangeticum fared better with shorter duration of\arval cycle yielding the highest production ofPL when compared to those .of M malcolmsonii and M rosenbergii, altliough these differences were not statistically analYsed. Referen~es .-: APHA (1985') Stancfurd M;ithods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 161• Edn. American Public Health Association Inc., Washington, D.C., 1268 pp. M. malcolmsonii M. gnnge/icum 50 50 300 300 '42-45 20-22 5 099 8998 17 3d 40-70 22-40 Chandraprakash K. &. Reddy A. K. (1993) Water quality managemen t in giant f~cs h,water prawn hatchery . . 1n: Shqrt -/crm Training Programme on Hatchery Mar.agemftf1l of Fre . .,nwo/er Giant Prawn in ,trlif/cial Sea wo/er. CIFE, Bombay. pp . 44-47 .. Chandrasekharan V. S. &. Sharma A. P. (1997) . Biolo~y and culture of fresh water prawn in North fndia . Fishing Cnimu 16 (II ), 1-9 . Fujimura T. (\974) Development of a Prawn Cuft,m: Industry in Hawaii, Job Completion Report (July 1969 to June 1972) to US Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS. 21 pp . Kanaujia D. R. &. Mohanty A. N . (1992) Breeding and large-scale seed production of Indian river prawn Mpcrobrachium malcoll1tJoni; (H. Milne Edwards). Journal of Aquaculture 2, 7-16. Kanaujia D. R., Mohanty A. N. &. Soni S. (2001) Break-through in seed production of Ganga river prawn, Maerobraehium gange/lcultl (Bate, 1&68) : A milestone in Aqua farming. Fishing Chimes 21 (1). 28-30. Kewalramani H. G, Sankolli K. N. &. Shenoy S. S. (1971) On the larval life history of Macrobrachitlm maleolmsonii (H . Milne Edwards) in captivity. Journal of Indian Fisheries Associal;on 1 (I) , 1-25 , ' Li ng S. W. (\969) The general biology and development of Macrobraehium ro . .s~nberg;; (de Man) . FAO Fisheries Re.port 57 (3), 589-606. Ling S . W. &. Costello T. 1. (1979) The culture of freshwater prawns: a review. In : Advancu in Aquaculture, (ed . by T.V.R. Pillay &. W.A. Dill). Fishing News books Ltd. london, pp . 299-304. 320 Freshwater Prawns: Advances in biologyr aquaculture and marketing, 315-32 i\ Comparative larval biology of ... Salini Soni. D R Kanaujia, A N Mohanty. Prasanti Mishra &: S N Sethi New M.B . .& Singholka S . (\985) Fnshwaltr Prawn Farming : a manual for the cu lture of Ma cro brachium rosenbergii. FAD Fisheries Technical Paper no . 225, Rev. I, FAD. Rome, Italy, 11 8 pp. Rajyalakshmi T. ( 1961) Studies on the ll1aturation and breeding of some estuarine palaemonid prawns . Proceedings of National Instilule oj-Science. India. 27, 179-188. ~ao KJ . (1 99 1) Breeding and larval rearing of the freshwate r prawn Macrobrachium maico/msonii (H. Milne Edwards), Journal of Aquacullure in the Tropics, 6. 99·106. Rao K.1. & Tripathy S.D. (1993) A Man.ual on Giant Freshwater Prawn Hatchery. C[FA. Bhubaneswar. Sankolli K..N .• Shenoy S., lalihal D.R. &. Almelkar G.B. (1984) Egg· to- egg mass culture technique of the Godavari prawn, M. malcolmsonii (H. Milne Edwards) in a static culture system. m: Proceedings of Seminar on Fruhwqler Fish eriu and Rural Development, Rourkela. Orissd, pp. 15·1 g. Shenoy S:, Sankolli K.N., Jalihal D.R. .& Almelkar GB. (1982) Seed production in cap.tivity of the Godavari prawn Macrobrachfum malc p/msor:if (P. . Milne Edwards) . Marine Bioioeical Association of India. Cochin, pp. 416-41 7. Sick ·t.V. '" Beaty H. (1974) Culture I:chniques and la rval stages of the giant freshwl!ter prawn, Ma crobrachium rosenbergl/. G~orgia Marine Science Centre, Tech. Rep . 74·5, Univer3ity of Georgia, Skidaway Island, Georgia. Subrahmanyam M. (1.974) Farming potential of Indian river prawn, }.{acrobrachium ma/coJmsonii. Seafood 'Export Journal 6 (3), 16·18. Subrahmanyam M. (1 .980) Giant freshwater prawn culture, CIFRl Technology. Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 5 pp. Tiwari K.K. (1955) Distrib~tion of Indo·Burmese freshwater prawns of the genus Palaemon Fabricus. its bearing on the Satpura hypothesis. Bulletin of the Nalional Institute of Science, India. 7 pp. Tiwari KK.. &. Ho\thuis L.B . (1996) The identity of Macrobrachium gangeticum (Bate. 186~), (Oecapoda, Caridea, Palaemonidae) . Crus/aceana 69 (7), 922-925 . ._, Freshwate'r Prawns: Advances in biology, aquoculture and markel/ng. 315·321 321 

Comparative larval biology of three Macrobrachium species under controlled conditions

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Comparative larval biology of three Macrobrachium species under controlled conditions

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