Our- present knowledge on cephalopod culture is limited to rearing of t he squid/cuttlefish from egg to maturity in tanks or ponds and commercial culture is not practised anywher

Narasimham, K A

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• i . • • REFERENCE 0 Nly SUI-IMER INSTITUTE IN \ CULTTIRE OF rnIBLE MOLLUSCS HELD AT TurrCCRIN RESEARCH CENTRE OF CENTP.AL l-I.ARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INsrITUTE trom 26 May to 24 June 1980 ,. , . ~ Centr a l ~!arinc Fis her ies Research Institut e P .B . 1912, COGHill - 682018 , I NDIA " Indian Council of Agri cult1Z'al Resoarch September' , 1980 \.If \ .. 1 TEX:HNOLOGY OF CEP'!ALOPOD, SCALL<FS AND ABALONE CILTURE !{ .A. NARASll1HAM CEPHALOPODS Our- present knowledge on ceph:uop:rl culture is limited to rearing of t he squid/cutt lefish from egg to maturity in tanks cr ponds . and commercial cult uoc i s not practised anywhere . The squid Seoioteuthis l essoniana a.'1d t he cuttlefishes Euprymna berryi. Sepia es culenta. §. . subaculeata a nd Seoiella maind!' all. have been el!perime ntally cultured in Japan (Bardach et al., 1972). The eggs oocuoring in nat ure in clusters are separated carefully and st ocked at a maximum of 3300/m2 in hatching tanks af the size 195 cm x 115 cm x 60 cm supplied with runnin~ea water at a rate of 6 to 7 litres/minute. The eggs are held in the tank in single layers in plastic mesh baskets . During incubation the tanks are kept in the dark to prevent the gr-owth of diatoms cr gr-een algae on the au-face of t he eggs as this int erferes with development. With good sea wa!-er supply 95% hatchir.g may be achieved . Larvae and young squids are at times obtained by set nets fran the wild. Thes e ar e tr~arted to the hatchery and cultured in glass tanks supplied with running sea water . The larvae take fo od 16 to 1$ hours after hatching and for the next 40 d,lYs live on crusta ceans l ike Mysis. The initial stocking r at e is about 1 squid/5 cm2 which a f't.er a bout 20 days is reduced to 1 aquid/10 to 15 crr? Under favourabl e conditions too yOung r each 20 to 4fJ mm length in 30-40 ~a. During t his period live food is essential t o get t he nnximum surviv:li r at e ,pf 80%. The 20-40 mm squid ar e stocked in large tanks cr ponds 'Ot  30 t o 50 g/m2 and fed on shrimp or pi eces of fish. IdEltlLy 8 t o 10% of the weight of the squid is t o be given t wi"e a day ru3 r ation . The e:xperiments suggest that it is possible t o r ear a 4 g animal t o marketable size weighing 500 to 700 g within 5 months . In the Unit.ed Stat es of America t he s quid Sepiateuthis sepioidoa . as successfully r oored fr om egg to matuoity in l eas than 5 months (Bardach et .::U. ., 1972) . The most crucial f acter in its ~ture is - 1~-feeding, The best food fer the young squid was found to be the mysid M;vsidium columbiae. A daily ration of about 45% of the body weight of the squid gave conversion rutios of 5 :to, 10:1, The squid attained . -' a lIk'ximum length of 1 05 ~ and 77 g "might in 146 days, The cuttlefis,I1, Sepia officianalis was roared in open system tanks in lTance (Richard, .976), In the tanks the water was 0llYg~ =ted with air comp:' essor s and thermostatic electric ha'lt ing was used: to maintain a minimum of 7'C , A layer of fine sani helped the cuttle-fi sh to hide during my time. The optillEl stOCking density was less than 1/10 (ratio of animals sur face to tBnk sur fuce) , Higher density result ed in growt-h' disparity. The cuttlefish prefer li va food, In 1-3 d3.ys, after hatching' amphipodee I-Iere given as food ani as they reacbed 3- 3 .em length they were fed with slY-imps, smll crabs and fishes in oonvenient size. A s'lrvival rate exceeding 80% was obtained . In India experimental culture is in progress at the Regional Centre of Central ~ine Fisheries Research Instit ute, M3.nd!lprun Camp to culture the squid SEITjioteuthis arctipinnis and the cuttlefish ~ aculeata , The culture of octopus though attempted in several countries has met with only limited success . At the moment the mj or constraints for attempting any commercial culture of cephalopods seem to be the cost of feeds, short Rge of egg capsules in m tur e and the difficulty in rearing the larvae . SCALLOPS Soollops are one of tho moot pupular sea foodland are cultured commercially i n JIlp.1n . The techniques involve spawning and rear:ing by staniard hatchery rnethcds and farming in sandwich cages suspended from r aft/rack or culture by long lino mEthod. Also the sCllllops CM be cult'lllled in pens close to the shore. I , - 10'7 -ThCl de'lp s ea scallop, Patinopecten yessoClfiSis is cultUl'ed commerciilly in Japo.n to a limited extent (Bardach et ll!., 1972). At Hohne Inlet 1000 litre polyethylene t:mks arCl suspemed from 11 raft in thCl s en mld sea I·mter is pumped to the shore fer filt ering before being l\.ld to the t o.nks . As . the tnnks are immersed in t ha sea ther e is no t oopernt1.r e control Md hatchery r ei-ring is seasanl, confined to h t e spring, slllll!ller and early fill \Jhen thEl sea water i s IJaI'm . Solur \Jarming of the circulOit ed \Jat er in the tank was found to be a doqunt e to provide the increased t JmperatU'El- for indu-ced spawning . Ibe adults (l."ld the TIil'~ae reared in the tanks Ire fed with cultures of unic ()llulnr algae grmm iii the hboratQZ'Y in enriched media . trgnnisms now :in use include th.:: flagellates Isochrysis galbMa and Monochrysis l utheri and the diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans. In the early sta ges the larvae are fed lath falgelletes !l!ld in later with di3.toms er a mixture of the t wo . Also seed from the Iwd is collected by suspending a vnr i ety of cul:.ch materi als sucll a s bramhes of Cyprus, pl ast ic web bags :5.lled with shells etc. The young drifting scallops attach to the collecters by byssus thread · (Iverson,1976) . The young seed scallops ar c grown SU'3ponded in the sea fran a r a ft in .0 . 3 x 1 m r ectnngulnr metil fr ame held in place between l ayers of loose plant fibre :mC\ nylon mesh netting . As the scallops grow the plant fibre is removed from t he sandwich frames . Since tr.is method is expensive, ilternatel.y, when t hey r each nbout 4 cm size they are either planted on the bottom cr r aised by t he long line method (lvcrson, 1976) . A piece of nylon thread is strung through t ho ' oar ' of tho scallop .shell am are suspended... from a long lino tied to a r a ft. SC:J.llops grown in the sandwich frames and by long line J!llthod have reRched n=ketable size of 1()"'11 cm in 2 ya"1l' s . -The cost of labour and materi ils r equired are the constraints fer e:xpnrling the scallop culture on cOllll!lercial lines in Japan • Very little success was achieved in the culture of the Ellropea."l sc:1llop, Pecten roximus . In France t his species \Jas reared to the vcliger stage (furdach et al ., 1972 ) . In th" U.S.A . Sastry (1968) , - 100 - ' • bas shown that apart from the temperatu-e, food supply is also a controlling f acter in gonadal mturation of the bay scallop Aegu:ipecten :irradians. By manipulating tlIDse two f o.cters he was able to spawn !. irradians out of season. He soocessfully reared the larvae to sub-adult stage. The bay scallop can be grown to marketable size in pens close to the shere in 9 m~hs (lverson, 1976). In Russia Mizuhopecten wssoensis and Spisula sach3.1inel!Sis were cultivated by providing suitable fibrous seed collectcrs either suspended fran a r aft, ::it depths of 1- 3 m at' placed on t h () bottom (~tilne, 1972). The seeds were transplanted to Nylon mesh regs suspended from raft/rack for ftrther growth. In our country the scallop; are not well represGnted and they ,-neither ferm -a fishery ncr cultl]['ed at presGnt . They are all generally smil exc~ Amussiun pleuonectds which occurs along the (rissa Coast (Hernali, 1951 ). ABALONES Among the edible gastropods .t h ., ::ibalones have reputation of a goa-met food with fine flavol][' . They arc slOl4 moving herbivores , inbabitirig rocky shcres . Important abalone fisherics occur in Chi:ca, Japan, Mexico , U.s.A . ant Australia . Thair cult l]['e has been undertaken only in Japan and Califcrnia (Bardach ~ al ., 1972 ) . The culture prac-tice ' involves indUl ed spawning, mtchcry pI' odootion 0 f seed and on bottom cultlJ[' e of abalones to mnrket able size. Among the abcJ.ones,li.11iotis discus, B. diversicolcr , B. gigantca and E. seibaldi ar e commercially important inJ"lpan and much success was achieved in the cultl][' e of B. discus (Bardach et al ., 1<3'72) . The aba:.ones matUi'e fast if the water t emperattro is raised to 20 1C: In matU"e f emal3s the gonads are green in col= and milky \.trit e in males . Itltlre male s and f omales at 1:4 r atio are plncod in 2 x 2 x 0.5 m outcoor coocrete to.nks and subjectod to thermal shock. From 2O 'C the '.latEX' temperattre is raised by 3 to 7 ' C fat' 30 to 60 minutes and '!Tought back to crigiml tanperatur3 . If need be th3 procedtre is - 1C9 .• rewated . Also a shert exposUI'e to air ,lnich is warmer than water er an abrupt change in the pH were also Imown t o indooe spawning . The fertilis ed eggs are placed i n deeper t'lliks , of size 2 x 1 .4 x 1 .4 m at a density of :l.bout 1, 00, 000/tQ.Ilk far S-11 days to complete the larvnl st age . The wnter in the r oaring t~s ill not changed and the swinIning larvae aither f oed on natUI'al plankton avai-lable in the tanks or are provided wit h specially cultU'ed flagellates and diatoms. Whon they .1l' e r eady t o met::tI!lorphose and sattle, 50 em s quare corrugated pl ..1.st i c shec.>ts pr eviously immer ~ ed in running watC!!.' to dev<:lop a film of benthic diatoms are placed vertically in t hJ tanks . Cnce t he abalone h.:lve sattled on t h ose collectors they are placed in 10 x 10 x 2 m outdoor tanks supplied with r tmning Be::! water. In each tank 1000 collectors, Ilach with appro:x:i.nntely 10, 000 abalone are placed . Until they reach a length of 2- 3 1IlIIl, diatom serve as f ood and l ater f ed with soft lFown alga, Undaria sp . evary ::1-3 days . Undaria is often scarce and finely chopped pieces of green alga ~ ar artifi cial diat compd .sing protein in insoluble calcium jel i s substituted . Surviv.ll from larvae to juveniles suitable fer stOCking i s only about 1 % and the poor survival is believed to be • due to l ack of food, particularly soon d'tcr settling . In Japan ha1fcha-y r.r odootion of young abalono for stocking is estimated at 10, 000, 00 per year ,,00 10% SUI'viv.1l """s obtained a fter' stocking in the farms . M:lrknt si~e is generally r oached a t about 4 years whm t hey aro ab out 15 em (IvCI'son, 1976) . Ii. discus was experimezt.ally • grown in off botto"! ca/;05 made of plasti c ,,:wto bnskets covered with clotn notting ~11d sU9p,mdcd in tho S O'1 fr om "- rnft. They aro stocked at 5 nnn l ength, f ed on ~ and Ull1Iimrin until they r oached tho nnrkatabl e s i z" of 10 cm in 4 yoors . In Califcrn:i;:l, USA the rod ab:iionc Haliot es rufescens is being cultured (B':1I'dach at :ii . , 1972) . Tho t ank method of spawning followed in Japan was most offJctive . Feeding the l arvae is problEmltic and in a month it reaohc ~ 5 mrn in length with " SUI'vivnJ. r at e of 10-20%. .:. 11'0 -Spawning, Inrvnl r a1ring and growing the seed upto Jl mm length takes ono year Md is done in indoor tanks . They are trlJ]lS fet'red to outside r escrvairs fer further growth. At varioU'l stages of cultU' e thtly :1I'C f ed on D. variety o[ ol gnl species and supplied with sand filtet'ed s ea Intet' . Tho-maj or constraints f er intensive abolone Cllltur o . are to provide suit ablo food at diffarent stages, particularly to the juveniles nnd t oo slow groWth of tho abalones . The Japanese fOlIDd thot yOlIDg ab:llonos grO\~ 4 to 5 t i mes fMter in worm water from coastal power -st ations t h:m t hose gr Olm in mtU'al habitat (Iverson, 19"'76) . In India t oo abalones do not form a fishery and their culture is not yet att empted . __ a) .. . \. . • , . • J • 1 " ( 

Technology of cephalopod scallops and abalone culture

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Technology of cephalopod scallops and abalone culture

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