Immunoassays take advantage of the natural specificity of antibodies toward foreign objects. The immunoassays can utilize polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies in a variety of formats to provide rapid detection of infectious agents. Among these, monoclonal antibodies

are favored due to their high degree of specificity

Lipton, A P

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Technical paper-29 RAPID METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF FISH AND SHELLFISH PATHOGENS A.P. Lipton Central Manne fisheries Research Institute, Cochin Introduction In order to prevent disease outbreaks, minimize the presence of pathogens and to reduce the dependence on antimicrobial compounds, rapid diagnostic steps are essential. Whi le conSidering rapid diagnostic tests, it should be ensured that they fulfill the following criteria : 1. Compared to other procedures, they should be more speedy, sensitive and accurate. 2. The tests should have presumptive and/or confirmatory application. 3. The tests be micro-modified or automated and inexpensive handling of large number of individuals and small volume samples. 4. The tests should require non-destructive samples. 5. ' The tests must yield qualitative and quantitative results. 6. The results obtained from such tests should correlate with the other clinical symptoms of the fish. IMMUNOASSAY DIAGNOSTIC METHODS: Polyclonal versus Monoclonal antibodies: Immunoassays take advantage of the natural specificity of antibodies toward foreign objects. The immunoassays can utilize polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies in a variety of .-formats to provide rapid detection of infectious agents. Among these, monoclonal antibodies are favored due to their high degree of specificity. The method of production of monoclonal antibodies is as follows: 1. Selection of cell lines to be fused 2. Somatic cell fusion 3. Selection of hybrid cells 4. Selection desired clones 5. Production of antibodies from selected clones DIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST (D-FAT): ~I(iitj Library ..,.~~~ CentnII MarIne AIher1ee R_erch Institute ~-682 018 (~) fKochl-682 018 (India) The D-FAT procedure has gained widespread use in finfish culture. It uses antibody prepared against the pathogen of interest and then conjugate it with a fluorescing dye (Auorochorrne). An impression smear, bacterial culture, tissue culture showing cytopathic effect (CPE) or specially prepared tissue sections on a microscope slide can be examined for specific pathogens using fluorescently labeled antibodies. Wherever, the antibodies are attaching to its target, the target glows when viewed through the fluorescence microscope. Though this technique has the advantage of visually pin pointing the pathogen, and its location within the tissue, it requires the use of an expensive fiuorescence microscope and suffers from expertise (subjective) interpretation of the results. ENlYME-UNKED IMMUNOSORBANT ASSAY (EUSA) Enzyme immune assays (EIA s) are most widely used as antibody-based diagnostic technique. In these techniques, the antibody molecules are linked to enzymes either directly or indirectly. In the direct method, the enzyme is conjugated (linked) to a portion of the ant: ~ - " . .: ' indirect method, a seCOilu seep is retjulred. here, () Ldmer ur Sccund d, '(lbully IS ;ii ,k~u Wlin the enzyme. The amount of enzyme is important in producing measurable signal when the primary antibody binds to its target. The antibody is applied to tissue sections on microscope slides. This permits the antigen for pinpointing within a tissue using a normal light microscope. Apart from the diagnostic applications, this technique also helps in studying how the pathogen spreads within the organism and causes disease. The EUSA detects specific substances in a complex mixture by binding them to antigen or antibody-coated substances. It is also capable of detecting viruses, bacteria, drugs, hormones, toxins and carCinogens, depending on the nature of EUSA. Once binding has occurred, other reagents are added that allow the captured substances to be linked to indicators or enzymes, which can be quantified. An example of working principle of EUSA in the case of shrimp pathogenic Vibrio species is summarized below: 1. Raise antibody against pathogenic Vibrio in goat or rabbit (inject the purified antigen fraction. of bacteria into rabbits). U 2. Take hepatopancreas I body tissue sample - mix with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 + O.OS% tween 20 (PBS - T 20). Heat at 100" ( for 15 minutes. U 3. Purified rabbit immunoglobulin containing antibodies against antigens of Vibrio is attached to the surface of 96-well microtiter plate. (Fig 1.) U 4. Attachment is accomplished by diluting the antibody to the prescribed concentration in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) and incubating the plate overnight adding 200111 to each plate (16 h at. 4°C). U 5. (oating buffer or any unused antibody are removed by washing the wells with buffer. ' U 6. Supernatants of centrifuged test samples are then applied in duplicate to the antibody-sensitized wells. Each well will receive 0.2ml so that the final test sample can be within 0.5 ml. 7. Labelling the plate is important. Usually the following controls are needed: 8. a. A blank (6: Test for background with reagent only- no sample) b. Conjugate Control - (CC: For conjugate striking directly to plate) c. Substrate chromogen control (SC: Test for non-specific color development with substrate and chromogen only) d. Positive Control (1 :100, 1:1000,1:2000 and 1:5000 K&P) e. Negative Control: Appropriate tissue from control or uninfected fish/shellfish Plates to be read at 405 nm. The degree of color change is proportional to the amount of antigen in the sample, i.e., the wells containing samples from uninfected animals will not show any color whereas the others will show varying amounts of color change, which can provide quantitative analysis. A few of the EUSA protocols are given in Table 1. DNA-BASED DIAGNOSTICS: The cloning and manipulating of genetic material has led to the development of extremely sensitive and speCific diagnostic systems. For example, DNA based test formats haVe entered into the area of infectious disease diagnosis for aquatic species. The DiaXotics Inc, Wilton, CT are pioneers in commercializing DNA-based diagnostics. They produced 'Shrimp Probe' for detecting viral infections of shrimp. The DNA probe is created by purifying the infectious agent of interest and isolating its nucleic acid. An exact copy of the DNA or a portion of the DNA is made by the cloning process. This copy or probe will bind to the original DNA of the pathogen whenever the two come into contact. In order to accomplish this effiCiently, the DNA strands of both the pathogen and the probe must first be separated by heating. After the strands have been separated, one of the strands of the probe can bind to its complementary strand from the pathogen. By attaching a non-radioactive reporter molecule, such as digoxigenin (DIG), the hybrid DNA can be identified and measured (Reddington and Lightner, 1994). POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) In the Polymerase Chain Reaction, the DNA to be amplified is denatured by heating the sample in the presence of DNA polymerase and excess dNTPs, the oligonucleotides that hybridize specifically to the target sequence can prime new DNA synthesis. A product of indeterminate length characterizes the first cycle; however, the second cycle produces the discrete "short product" which accumulates exponentially with each successive round of amplification. This can lead to many million-fold amplification of the discrete fragment over the course of 20 to 30 cycles. For example 30 cycles can result in 2 X 28 fold (270 million fold) amplification of the discrete product. SUGGESTED READING: Dalmo, R.A., Ingebrigtsen, K and Bogwald, J. 1997. Non-specific defense mechanisms in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES). 20: 241- 273. Glover, D.M. (Ed) 1984. DNA Cloning-a practical approach. IRL Press. 109 -135. Kevin, H. A. (Ed.) 1985. Procedures for the detection and identification of certain fish pathogens. 3d ed. Fish Health Section. American Fisheries Society. 114 pp. Leong, Jo-Ann, 1993. Molecular and biotechnological approaches to fish vaccines. Current Opinions in Biotechnology. 4: 286 - 293. Newman, S.G and Deupree, R. Jr., 1995. Biotechnology in aquaculture. INFOFISH International. Aquaculture. 1: 40- 46. Reddington, J and Lightner, D., 1994. Diagnostics and their appl ication in aquaCUlture. Technical Report. World Aquaculture. 25 (3): 41- 48. Sakai, MaS<!biro., 1999. Current research status of fish Immunostimulants. Aquaculture. 172 : 63 - 72. Takahashi, Y., et al. 1996. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of bacilliform virus DNA in Penaeus japonicus Bate and systemiC ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus (SEMBV) DNA in Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Journal of Fish Diseases: 19: 399 - 403 . . 4 Table I. ELISA protocols ELISA Protocol Uses Required reagents Comments Indirect Antibody screening; Antigen, pure or Does not require the epitope mapping semipure: test use of preexisting solution containing specific antibodies; antibody; enzyme requires relatively conjugate that binds large amounts of Ig of immunized antigen. species Direct competitive Antigen screening; Antigen, pure or Rapid assay wi th detect soluble semi pure; test only two steps; anti gen solution containing excellent for antigen; enzyme- measuring antigenic antibody conjugate cross reactivity specific for antigen Antibody-sandwich Antigen screening; Capture antibody Most sensitive detect soluble (purified or semi- antigen assay; antigen purifeid specific requires relatively antibody); test large amount of solution containing pure or semi-pure antigen; enzyme- speci fic antibody antibody conjugated (capture antibody) specific for antigen Double antibody- Antibody-screening Capture antibody: Does not reqUire sandwich epitope mapping (specific for Ig of purified antigen; immunized species); relatively long assay test solution wi th five steps containing antigen; enzyme-antibody conjugate specific for antigen Direct cellular Screen cells for Cells that express Sensitive assay for expression of antigen of interest. bulk screening; anti gen: ffiC'dsure enzyme-antibody insensitive to cellular antigen conjugate specific heterogeneity of expression for cellular antigen expression in mixed population of cells Indirect cellular Screen for Cells used for May not detect antibodies against immunizing; test antibodies specific cellular antigens solut ion containing for cellular antigens antibodies; enzyme expressed at a low conjugate that binds density Ig of immunized SpeCIes. ~ 

Rapid methods for diagnosis of fish and shellfish pathogens

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Rapid methods for diagnosis of fish and shellfish pathogens

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