The bulk of shrimp production comes

from semi-intensive farming in the

brackish water systems. The nutritional requirements of shrimpalong

with their feeding in these systems is complex and poorly understood  primarily due to the difficulties encountered

in quantifying the contribution of

naturally available food organisms

Peer Mohamed, M

Sridhar, Manpal

CMFRI Digital Repository

FISHING CHIlVIES Significance of Farm-made Feeds in the Indian Context MANpAl K. SANitOTRA ANd M. PEER MOItAMEd Physiology, Nutrition and Pathology Division, C.M.F.R.I. The bulk of s~imp production comes from sc mi-intcHsive farming in the brackish water systems. The nutritional re-qUlTcmcntsofshrimpalong \\'ith their feeding inlh("sl.! systems is complex and poorly under-Sh)oJ. pri.marily due to the difficulties en-countered 111 quantifying the contribution of lla'llrall~ available food organisms. nler~ is an lll.;reasing tcndencyon the part of fanners tu usc nutritIOnally complete commercial rceds.designed for the intensive fanning sys-killS in their semi-inh!nsivecultmc, which is a waste of Tt!SOUfCO;!S . Though India is endowed with an t!sti-mated brackish water arcaofabout 1.4 million ha, suitable for culture , however only 65,000 iJ!l isactually under shrimpculturc, producing about 35,50() m. I. ofshrin}pannually. In 75% of the area wlderculture, traditional tanning is practist.!d resulting in overall low productivity of cultured shrimp mainly due to the lack of quality ICf.!d and due to traditional tCdUlOlo-g.il!s 101l0\wd in most areas. Howt.!vcr, with tile Ih!CI.!Ssilry know-how for the ItJnllulation and mallut~ll.:ture ofco~1-ef.lectivl.! <lnuqualilY teed· within the I.:ountry, the prospl.!l.:ts will hrighten for India to attain :..l . globally top position in shrimp productioll . The <.lc.::vc1opment of indigenolls shrimp tt:ed is Important, as our shrimp fanners can no longl.!rucpendon impofkd fet.!u. Imported teed Iws concessions given by the Union (i-ovenUlll.!llt and once these are witlldrawn. shrimp limnl.!rs as well as the aquacultun: I1ld\l'~try will fal.:e a grave situation. The price oflln):Kmed Il:::l.!d works out at Rs. 40lkg havi.ng. a feed conversion ratio (FeR) of I. I to I.glkg Oishi imp. Ifa teed can bl! fonnulatcd with a FCf{ of 1.5 to 2.0 at Rs. 20-251kg with an uplill1ll111 cost-bcndit ratio, it would ~ a breakthrough saving considerable toreign ex-change which is used to import li.:l.!d. The IllOSt cflicientalld convl!uient lllC<l IlS ofprovidillga balance9diet, which isc~se:lltial lor high shrimp output from pond clll t ure: and 10 maintain good water quality, l:i 10 utilize \\dl fonnulate:d compounded ti.:cds. Wi th suitable raw mall.!rials these call hI.! pn.:parcd at the farm. Sillce shrimp are slow tOCOllSUlI1C ICed, unlike most or the lish, :;pl!ciall.:arc is July 1995 Kochi - 682014 needed to produce feeds which do not disin-tegrate rapidly in water, causing loss ofnutri-ents and w~ter pollution Fann-made feeds have been defined as . feeds ill pellet or other fomls, consisting of artiticial andlornatural feed stulls, produced for the exclusive use of a particular fanning activity, not for cOIlunercial sale or projcct" (esavas, Land M.RNew, 1993 ,FAOAq.wc· uilUre Newsieller). Dissemination ofteclmol-ogy related to on-fam,l feed production was launched by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Insti lute undcr a project •.. Empow-ering rural womcn through extension educa-tion - An action research in atishing village" at South Chdlanam, Kochi. It involwdtrain-ing women in thl.! preparation of on-tann shrimp feed which could be used for culturc purposes in un-utilized water canals or coco-nut grows in and around their homesteads (Fig 1, 2 and 3). This training received good response: and efforts are being made for dis-seminating thislechnologyoll a larger scale. so that more and mon;coi.lstal woml!n and sinai 1-scalf.! tanllers I.:an takl... up thl~ innovatlOll and utilise the vast tIlltappcd iJrl!aS in our coastal belt. SOllle guide lines tor prl!parillgon-Iann lecds, nreuetaikd below. Fi/! 1: TraillinJ! rural women in on-fann shrimp feed preparation, Dr)' and Wei feeds Simple [ann-made moi st feeds and sundried keels deriwd from them, arepracti-1.:31 eSlfi-"'Cially when applied to St!mi-i.ntcnsiw t:ulture. J...argt.! qU<lntil ites can he made and stored and th~ feed munutactming process can be an intcnnittenl rather than a daily activity if dry feeds arc used. Fig 2: Demonstratimi. of feed pelletiz .. -tion on .. household model mincer Fig 3: Sun dl)ing of the peUeted feeds in the homestead b .. ckyards MakingFarm-maueshrimpf'ccus Farm-made tecds are not dillicult tOUlakC and require care if they aTf to prOVide g.ood results whcn fed . It may not be posslblt: 101" fanners to make fef.!ds whil.:h match the bt.:S\ coflUncrcially available feeds in (enlls of qual-ity and pcrtonnance but manyproducl.! bt.:ttl.!l leeds than some of the less dTecllve li.::l.!\.b otfered fOI sall! Equipmenl -Illee:quipment rl!quired tor the lllallUt ~lt:­Lure of aquaculture feeds on thl! fann site IS rdativdy cheap to purchase and run and labour is nomlally alrt.!ady availabll! trom Ull underutilized fann source at no t.!xtra I.:ost. A simple scale is necessan to wei~ out the ingredients. '111(: ingredients can he ll11 xed manually. but a mixer ci:lpabk of mixing i.J moist dough (about 45% mOisturl! ) IS prdi.:r-able. First starch isgeiatiniZtXiandmixed w1th othcr ingrcdientsoratlermixing, tht: ingredi-ents are steam cooke:d and thell pdktt:d 11l -'noodle -, lonn from 0 minl.:cr. 'Ille I"I.!SUitillg. 45 FISHING C HIlVIES product can be of varying diameteraccording to the Olmcer die plate used, and breaksnatu-rally into short lengths for feeding . One furthl." piece of equipment which is Qecessary is a grinder for powedering the major dry ingredients. However, ifmoist ingredients such as trash fi sh, shrimp, clam and mussels arc llSc!U, no extra machinery is required to reduce them to a suitable pm1iclc size befOft! mixlIIg them with other ingredients. A pass or IWO through the same mincer as would even-tua ll~ ' bc used tor extruding t.he tinal diet wi ll he sullicicnl. No provision is made for the lllcchanical transfer of ingredients or fmished products from one piece of equipment to another. so as to make the teclmique labour intensive . However, feed manufacture, if the equipment is sized corrcctly need not take up much lime allowing personnel time to lUlder-take other fann duties such as feeding the diets lll<Jd~ 10 Illl!ei thc requirements of thl! stock bc lll f!, cultured. TIle fCl!ds can be ted moist 1ll1ml:uiatt.!lv or can be dried for storu[?c and lIsed later . Drying, when! the ciil;ah! IS slIltahle, call be done by sunlight or by com-lllt!rc)<J1 or home-made forced air dryers. Choice of ing redients The mujoradvantage oltann-made teeds apart from n:duced feeding costs for sillall A.S'!. Built Trawlers - Problem of Spare Pa rts The trawlers built by the Australian Ship Buildinglndustries are having Hemidal gear box. 'l1le Indian owners are facing problems of obtaining spare parts for tillS . llle spare parts are available from MIs fanns , is theabilityto uti lize local ingredients \vhich may be readilyavailable. Thetechnique also enables the use of compounded feeds on [anns in an area where nocompOlUlding indus-try yet exists. Three major factors govern Lhe choice of ingredients: suitability for shrimp fced. con-sistent availability and cost. The ingreoir.:nts used should meet the requirements of shrimp for protein, lipid, carbohydrates. minerals and vitamins. thefann made fCt!dcompositioncan be varied according to seasonal ingredient availability and cost. Various additions in-cluding amino-acids, vitamins, binders, antioxldents, preservatives and chemo-attrac-tants are used bycomrnercial feedstuff manu-facturers but it is inad\'isableto those making their 0\\'11 ft:eds to add them as individual ingredients. Where used, they should be flurchased in a premix. Anotheroption for small fanners isto buy a premix ofthl! rcquir\!d dT) ingredients fro~ a manufaclllferrather than buy and mix every ingredient themselves. These premixes can then remixed with locally available wet ingre-dients such as trash fish, shrimp heads etc., by the nmnt.!rs. Also, due to the cost and instability during storage of individual vita· would ht.:abJc to supply lollowing spare parts lar HE:-"lADAI. system:-I . Hdicul Gear & Piston Shull: Part · No . 04 - 522066 . Ratio S NO.20220 rotation to the rig.ht 2. Bearing with Spacer Part· No. 04 - ,27 030 5: I. DECi\.MA Gmbh, 21224 Rosen Garten. 'lbOSl: interested ma\ ; j!"'~ tu .. ~ ~.ml .. H; l the Klccken, Bahnhotetonbc-79. Gennan~. This company at Fax No. 49 - 4105 - 7625 3. (Ul n p i l ll \ hasspec ifl(ally ml:lltl()ll~d 11mt th~y mins and other micro-ingredients, it is not recommended that these be made on the fann site, but can be purchased as standard items from corruncrcial suppliers or ~de to speci· ticatlOl1S. Conclusions FdnJH, ,;tu;'! iec:Js can be regardt.!d u.s complementary to , rather than competing with commercial feeds. These feeds have sign! licant enviromnental advantages as they facilitate the use oflocally available ingredi-ents viz .. agricultural products and the wastes of agro-processing industries which other· wise tiave limited or no use. The feed manu-facturing process can bean intenninent rather than adai ly activity as large quantities can be made and stored. Proper useofthese feed'\ can reduce the costs of aquaculture production and they fill an important need of the small :'Calc I~mncrs which is not covered by thl! commercial feed manufacturers. However, these feeds arc suitable only for semi-in ten· sive and a few specific intensive aquaculture production systems. Used Trawlers and seiners available 541n.Majakowaski -Type trawler and seiners t 15 ,·ears old) with4l2 cbm refrigerated hold ~md \ \ \ 0 horizontal freczt!rs lor 18 t/day are a\a i lahle al ~U1 indicativeprice of1JS$ 150,000 Good for catching cuttle lish, sprat, mackerd .!t( . filOse interested. may contact Mr. Connld Hirkholl. l.aufgrabeu 37. D-20146 Hamburg 13. Ciennany lar details. " The Hatchery owner had a queue for the seed ... 46 .. . the Customer ' now' knew, he used ALMA FEED" ALMA ARTIFICIAL PLANKTON for Shrimp & Prawn Hatcheries Most idea l Artemia Supplement & A lgael substitute Made in Germany to strict EEC Standards Represented by : MR. BIPIN BHATIA PLATING PRODUCTS CO .• ~PLASTIC FIBRE CORPORATION ~35 PURNIMA. VITHALBHAI ROAD. CROSS BAJAJ ROAD VILE PARLE (W) BOMBAY·'OO 056. • 1HE ..... ~ II 836 7329 • FAX: (022) 835 02'8 ACllW:llT\.RE (Member of the Plastrcrafls GrouP) GOKHALE BHAVAN. 8. WEST con ROAD • ROYAPm AH. MAllRA5·14 II 044·833098 • Fax 8258950 July 1995 

Significance of farm-made feeds in the Indian context

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Significance of farm-made feeds in the Indian context

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