Sorenson and McCreary defined coastal zone as the interface or transition

zone where part of the land is affected by its proximity to the sea and where part of

the ocean is affected by its proximity to the land in an area in which the processes

depending on the interaction between land and sea are more intense. The coastal

zone comprises a narrow strip of coastal low land and vast areas of coastal waters.

It constitutes 10 percent of the oceans but more than 50 percent of the oceans

biological productivity

Ojha, S N

Shyam, S Salim

CMFRI Digital Repository

SUMMER SCHOOL ON Environmental Impact Assessment and Management of Coastal Zone: An Integrated Approach 7 - 27 August, 2001 Central Institute of Fisheries Education (Deemed University-iCAR) Versova, Mumbai Course Director Course Co-Directors Course Co-ordinators Associates Editing Word Processing & DTP Assistance Cover Page Design Resography Date of Publication CREDITS Dr. S. Ayyappan Dr. M. P. Singh Kohli Dr. C. S. Purushothaman Shri A. K. Reddy Dr. P. P. Srivastava Dr. K. Pani Prasad Dr. Chandra Prakash Shri S.G.S. Zaidi Dr. S. Raizada Dr. P. P. Srivastava Ms. Asha T. Landge Mrs. S. S. Gajbhiye Mrs. Anagha U. Joshi Mrs. Seema P. Nala~ade Shri Dasari Bhoomiah Shri S.R. Vinarkar Shri V.N.Ondhkar 7 August. 2001 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PARAMETERS FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDIES Shyam S. Salim and S. N. Ojha Introduction Sorenson and McCreary defined coastal zone as the interface or transition zone where part of the land is affected by its proximity to the sea and where part of the ocean is affected by its proximity to the land in an area in which the processes depending on the interaction between land and sea are more intense. The coastal zone comprises a narrow strip of coastal low land and vast areas of coastal waters. It constitutes 10 percent of the oceans but more than 50 percent of the oceans biological productivity. Alarming issues on coastal zones aroused due to its low altitudinal level, its vulnerability to changes brought by man and nature. This had reached its peak in recent times due to rapid growth of population and urbanization complied with expansion of economic activities and increase resource use. Again further aggravated by the threat of climatic changes and accelerated sea level rise in the coming years. Integrated Coastal Zone Management is a system of controlling development and other human activities that are affecting the condition of economic resources and quality of environment in the coastal zones which are necessary to the weak terrestrial type of planning and meagre resource management programme. The salient objectives of Integrated Coastal Zone Management includes (i) to provide for sustainable use of coastal resources (ii) to conserve coastal biodiversity and maintain sustainability (iii) to facilitate the interaction and intervention of different coastal economic sector (eg. shipping, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, industries, etc.) 244 Economic sectors under the coastal zone management includes (A) Sectors often coastal or ocean specific i. Navy and other defense operations II. Port and harbour development (including shipping channels ) III Shipping and navigation iv. Recreational boating and harbours v. Commercial and recreational fishing VI Mariculture vii. Tourism viii. Marine and coastal research IX . Shoreline erosion control (8 ) Sectors rarely coastal specific but with impacts I Agriculture ii. Forest ry III. Fish and wild life management iv. Parks and recreation v. Education VI Public health VII Housing viii. Water pollution IX. Water supply x. Transportation XI Flood control xii . Oil and gas development xiii. Mining xiv . Industrial development xv. Energy generation Social impact assessment (SIAl It explain the social consequences of environmental change. It is a way trying to figure out what can and what does happen to people, their organization and there commercialization as a result of particular environment change . It involves the use of social science techniques to make predictions and to monitor results and evaluate outcomes . 245 • aimed at fair dealing the various people affected • anticipatory endeavor in its predictive role • evaluative endeavor in its monitoring role Its primary goal is to facilitate decision making by predicting the full range of social costs and benefits of proposed development projects. Secondary objective of SIA explains that the social sciences complements natural sciences in the participation of the people and also impact of environmental changes on people live and the latter effects on the natural systems. Socioeconomic impacts holds good in the following areas of life • Economic (eg. Employment) • Environment habitat re lation • Commercial price changes • Transportation accessibility • Social changing roles • Biological health • Psychological stress Social impact dimensions • Probability How likely is the outcome • Primacy Is the outcome a direct result of the development or is it an indirect are, part of the clean predictable events flow up from the development • Onset At what point will the outcome occur, immediately or later on ? • Duration 246 Is this a temporary effect or permanent one? • Magnitude How extension is the outcome? • Distribution Who will be affected ? • Scope What will be the geographic limits ? Procedural frame work • Profiling - Identifying existing condition, providing a base line • Projecting - Predicting likely changes and their effect (eg. By using results from similar areas, extrapolating of trends or creation of scenario • Assessing - Determining the importance of the effects and ways of avoiding or mitigating them • Evaluation - Considering the acceptability of the impact of the project and its alternatives. The methods used include • Collection and assessment of existing information (Census, data vital statistics, previous studies) • Survey methods (sample surveys, opinion leader or Delphi panel surveys) • Participant observation long or short term community studies • Unobtrusive techniques (monitoring media such as newspaper editorials or call radio shows, observing behaviour in public places. Steps in social impact assessment Step-I • Identify the main group affected - both inside and outside - special attention to rural poor of cover. 247 • Number of households should be attributed rich and poor • Multidimensional • Study with and without project Step -/I • Describe the economics of the livelihoods in terms of subsistence production and cash income. • Quantitative estimates should be made of incomes and any common property resources. Step -11/ • Estimate the environmental changes caused by the project on the livelihood • Quantitative estimate on the changing scenario on the stakeholders • Prepare an import rating for a/l groups (perhaps on a numerical scale) Step-IV • Estimate the overall environmental import of the project an income distribution in the project area preparation of the overall income going to be different classes and make clear any limitations of analysis Step - V • Assess likely change in the general quality of life of men, women and children in the area affected by the project • Indicators of quality of life • Human Development Index • Security of life and livelihood of different groups • Extent of social conflict • Health, nutrition case of communication and safety Step - VI • Estimate the initial and recurrent costs of any environmental mitigation measures including compensation needed to offset effects the subject project (costs of reselling and retraining fisherman house or those whose land is acquired. 248 Method of Socio-economic impact assessment Rapid Rural Appraisal(RRA) • Process of gathering and analyzing from and about rural communities in a brief time period (weeks) • Formal survey and totally non-structured interviewing • Reveals information on values, opinions, objectives and local knowledge as well as "hard" data on social , economic, agricultural and ecological parameters • Quality depends largely on the teams, skill and judgment. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) • PRA is a type of RRA • Involvement of the people in the subject area is essential • Cost effective in terms of money, time, materials and manpower • Interdisciplinary and can include decision makers as well as researchers • Non sampling errors are reduced • Allows close discussion with locals so that the research and inteviewers can see things from a shared perspective. • Rapid and comparatively inexpensive • eclectic - using a variety of survey and interview technique as the need arises • Holistic - multidisciplinary picture of the situation • Interactive - generating dialogue between researcher and subjects. Tools and Strategies • Interview and question design techniques for individual household, and key informant techniques. • Group interview techniques including focus group techniques • Interactive data gathering • Cross checking • Use of pre-existing and secondary data sources • Methods of obtained quantitative data on a short time. 249 Specific applications • Participatory mapping i. Social mapping Village mapping, infrastructure population , households, chronic health cases, family planning, size of planning . II. Primary resources mapping and modeling land, water, tree resources, land uses, land soil types, cropping pattern, land and water management, productivity watersheds, degraded land, treatment points. • Transects • Observational walk to study natural resources, indigenous technology, soi l and vegetation, wild life farm practices, problems and opportunities. which are cross tallied with the resource mapping and modeling. • Historical transects - Pictorial graphic representation of the area of different points in time to give evolutionary trends in land use, vegetation , erosion, population , etc. Time line Time and events, historical evolution of a village, agricultural practices, health care practices, etc. • Seasonality diagramming For obtaining seasonal patterns of rainfall , employment income and expenditure. • Ranking Matrix ranking , preference ranking,Scoring ranking, wealth ranking • Diagrams Venn diagram, Consequences diagrams Conclusion Environmental impacts and their social and economic ramifications are especially important aspects of planning for economic development. EIA and SIA can be done in a programmatic mode based exclusively on the development proposals and the environmental vulnerabilities of coastal ecosystem. Coastal zone management will play a pertinent role in maintaining the sustainability and biodiversity of the natural resources. The methodologies to evaluate the coastal zone would for sure lead to an environment friendly , economically viable, ecologically sound, technologically appropriate, socially acceptable and cu lturally compatible ecosystem. Therefore, concerted efforts are to be formulated, initiated implemented, monitored and evaluated for the sustenance for the future. 250 

Socio-economic parameters for impact assessment studies

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Socio-economic parameters for impact assessment studies

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