Mariculture is now accepted as an alternative

to augment marine fish production in the

backdrop of dwindling capture fisheries.

CMFRI has prioritized mariculture research

in three areas which are marine food fish

production, production of high value marine

cru staceans, and ca ptive breeding and

propagation of selected marine ornamental

fishes for breeding and conserva tion

Gopakumar, G

Vijayagopal, P

Vijayan, K K

CMFRI Digital Repository

MariculfiIre Nutrition Research at CMFRI P. VijayagopaP, G. Gopakumar' and K. K. Vijayan' IMandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Marine Fisheries, Mandapam - 623520, Tamil Nadu. Email: vgcochin@hotmail .com drggopakumar@gmail.com 'CMFRI, Ernakulam North, Kochi - 682018 Kerala. Email: evjayankk@yahoo.co.in , Introduction Mariculture is now accepted as an alternative to augment marine fish production in the backdrop of dwindling capture fisheries. CMFRI has prioritized mariculture research in three areas which are marine food fish production, production of high value marine cru staceans, and ca ptive breeding and propagation of selected marine ornamental fishes for breeding and conserva tion. Mariculture in India was confined to shrimp farming in which disease outbreak made return on investments risky. The search for alternative marine candidates with financially viable technologies has also been the major force involved in the a forementioned prioritization. The present write up is to explain the research done by CMFRI in these areas with emphasis on nutrition and research initiated and envisaged for the corning five years where collaboration and collective effort is possible by cutting across institutional barriers. Marine food fish nutrition Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) mariculture has been initiated by CMFRI as an in-house research project in 2007. Presently, brood fishes of the size 4-5 kg are collected and stocked in outdoor cement tanks. These wild caught fishes weighin g up to 11 kg are sourced from the local fishermen @Rs.500 kg I live weight. They are anesthetized using Aqui-S and transported to the Research Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture Centre in ton FRP tanks. These fishes are fed with lesser sardines, squid meat and shrimp. Stocking is done in 80 ton out door cement tanks containing filtered seawater with constant aeration. A quarantine protocol is under development because of h eavy infestation of ectoparasites which eventually leads to fish mortality. They do not accept dry or wet compounded feed pellets. Emphasis is given to refining husbandry of these fishes at the moment . Broodstock nutrition research of cobia is one of our priOrities now as achieving natural spawning of these fi shes is the major objective. Development of la rval and fry rea ring protocols corne next in which nutrition and health are a reas w here resea rch and development in collaborative mode is possible. Marine ornamental fish nutrition Realizing that long term sustainable trade of marine ornamental fishes is only through the development of ha tchery production technologies (Gopakumar e t a l. 2007), breeding and seed production of clown fishes was pioneered by CMFRI in India (CMFRI 2006). Breeding and larval rearing of three species of damsel fishes has a Iso been standardized at the Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI (Gopakumar et al. 2007). Higher survi val and growth of larvae was observed in feeding of a combination of rotifer and capepod, which signifies the suitability of copepods to Artemia (Ignatius et aI., 2001). 32 Proceedings of the National Workshop on Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds One of the first comprehensive nutrition research works on the marine ornamental fish Amphiprion sebae is by Binu Varghese (2007). With the hatchery-bred striped damsel (Dascullus aruanus) feeds supplemented with all micronutrients containing 36-46% protein and 5% lipid was found appropriate for their aquariculture without any adverse impact on their colour or general health (Vijayagopal et aJ. 2008). Formulated feeds for damsel fish shall be ready for commercialization after its field testing and identification of an appropriate and cost effective packaging. With a need to feed the marine community aquaria, there is a necessity to commercialize nutritional products to support the sustainability dimension of marine aquarium trade. Based on scientific inputs generated and mentioned above, technology development for indigenous feed production and its commercialization can be taken up with a collaborative effort. Crabs and lobsters With Portunus pleagicus, several broodstock trials have been conducted with different wet feed combinations. In one experiment of 60 days duration, an artificial feed was also tested. The results reveal that a combination of sardines and squid resulted in maximum egg production and repeated spawning. The treatment with a compounded feed showed the lowest level of fecundity in comparison with the other wet feed treatments. At present, the hatchery at Mandapam attempts to produce baby crabs with survival rates ranging from 0.4 to 17.3%. Our priorities here are to improve larval survival rates and thereby improve the baby crab production to a level of farming them. Acceptance of artificial feeds produced using the wet material they feed in nature itself is found to be a challenge which has to be addressed Qosileen Jose and Menon, 2004). CMFRI was successful in breeding, larval 33 rearing and seed production of the sand lobster, Thenus orientalis (Kizhakudan et aJ. 2004,2005,2006). This sand lobster has a short larval cycle and with the closing of its life cycle the emerging areas of research are, 1) broodstock nutrition 2) larval nutrition and 3) formulated feeds for fattening. By rearing T. orientalis seeds in closed recirculation systems with in situ fluidized substrate bed filters and reduced light intensity and using fresh clam meat as feed, the sub-adult size weighing approximately 35 g could be obtained in about 3-4 months, and in 180 days the animals attained average weight of about 150 g (160-164 mm TL), which is the minimum legal export size of T. orientalis (Kripa, 2007). Delineating the nutritional requirements and production of formulated feeds for commercial level production of these lobsters is envisaged within the coming five years. Facilities It may not be out of place to mention that the institutional facilities with CMFRI which can be shared with the other collaborating institutions and organizations are as follows: 1. Semi-automatic feed proximate composition analytical facility (Tecator, Sweden) at Cochin, 2. Conventional (wet process) feed proxinlate composition analysis facility at Mandapam, 3. Amino acid analysis facility (HPLC Waters) at Cochin, 4. Fatty acid analysis facility (GC Perkin Elmer) at Cochin, 5. Micro-bomb calorimeter (Parr) at Cochin, 6. Twin-screw extruder (BTPL Calcutta) at Cochin, 7. Pellet mill (conventional steam pelleting) at Chennai Research Centre. With emphasis on marine food fish, marine ornamental fish, marine crabs and lobsters, the nutrition research at CMFRI is focused on Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture Proceedings of the National Workshop on Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds development of scientifically evaluated nutritional inputs to facilitate farming and aquaculture in the marine sector. Needless to say that collaborative effort in this direction would definitely add pace and value to the outputs targeted. References Binu Varghese, R. Paul Raj, G. Gopakumar and K. Chakraborthy, 2007. Dietary influence on the egg production and larval viability in true sebae clown fish Arnplliprion sebae Bleeker 1853. In: Fisheries and Aquaculture: Strategic Outlook for Asia, Book of Abstracts - 8 th Asian Fisheries Forum (organized by Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch), 2007, Kochi, India, p.170 CMFRI, 2006. Annual Report 2005·2006, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, 141 p. Gopakumar, G., Boby Ignatius, Santhosi, I., and Ramamoorthy, N., 2007. Breeding and seed prod uetion techniques of damsel fishes for marine ornamental fish trade. In: Fisheries and Aquaculture: Strategic Outlook for Asia, Book of Abstracts - gth Asian Fisheries Forum (organized by Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch), 2007, Kochi, India, p.J39 Ignatius, B., Gaurav, R., Jagadis, I., Kandasami, D., Victor, A.C.C., 2001. Spawning and larval rearing technique for tropical clown fish Amphiprion sebae under captive condition. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 16: 241-249. Josileen Jose and N.G. Menon, 2005. Growth of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Brachyura) in captivity. Crustaceana 78 (1): 1-18. JosileenJose and N.G. Menon, 2004. Larval stages of blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Brachyura). Crustaceana, 77 (7): 785-803. Kizhakudan, J.K., E.V. Radhakrishnan, Rani Mary George, P. Thirumilu, S. Rajapackiam, C. ManibaI and Joseph Xavier, 2005. Phyllosoma larvae of Thenus orientalis an d Scyllarus rugosus reared to settlement. The Lobster Newsletter - Volume 17, No.1, july 2004. p : 19 Kizhakudan, J.K., 2006. Culture potential of the sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund). In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Improved Sustainability of Fish Production Systems and Appropriate Technologies for Utilization. Sustain fish (2006) : Eds. Kurup, B.M and K. Ravindr.an pp. 256·263, Kizhakudan, J.K., Thirumilu, P., Rajapackiam. S and Manibal, c., 2004. Captive breeding and seed production of scyllarid lobsters -Opening new vistas in crustacean aquaculture. Mar .Fish. Info. Servo T and E. Ser.,181:1·4 Kripa, V . 2007 Mariculture in India. In: The Handbook on Fisheries and Aquaculture, Eds. Ayyappan, S. jena, j. K., Gopalakrishnan, A.and Pandey, A. K. ICAR. 404 - 429. VijayagopaJ, P., Gopakumar., G_ and Vijayan, K. K., 2008. Empirical feed formulations for the marine ornamental fish, striped damsel, Dascyllus aruanus (Linne 1758) and their physical, chemical and nutritional evaluation. Aquaculture Research (in press). 34 

Mariculture nutrition research at CMFRI

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Mariculture nutrition research at CMFRI

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