Effects of environmental factors such ·as desiccat ion, salin it y, light aOO temperat ure

on the diurnal period ic ity in liberation of tetraspores in Gelidium pusillum, Pterocla:1ia

heteroplatos and Gelid iopsis vmiabilis were sh.died. Desiccation of ff OrdS, salinity ard

continuous dark or light at different intensities had no effect on the diurnal periodicity

in spore output in these three red algae. The temperature of sea wat er was the primary

factor controll ing the peak output of spores. Peak liber ation of spores was delayed for

4-12 hr in a day in G. pusillum and G. variabilis when the temperature of sea water

was below JO"C

Kaliaperumal, N

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EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON DIURNAL PERIODICITY OF TETRASPORE CUTPUT IN SOME RED ALGAE OF VISAKHAPATNAM COAST Abstract N. KaliaperumaJ Regional Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Resea rch Institute, Marine Fisheries - 623 520, Tamilnoo u, lroia Effects of environmental factors such ·as desiccat ion, salinity, light aOO temperature on the diurnal period ic ity in liberation of tetraspores in Gelidium pusillum, Pterocla:1ia heteroplatos and Gel id iopsis vmiabilis were sh.died. Desiccation of ff OrdS, salinit y ard continuous dark or light at different intensities had no effect on the diurnal periodicit y in spore output in these three red algae. The temperature of sea wat er was the primary factor controll ing the peak output of spores. Peak liber ation of spores was delayed for 4-12 hr in a day in G. pusillum and G. variabilis when the temperature of sea water was below JO"C. Introduction . Informat ion available on environmental factors influencing diurnal rhythm in spore release from red algae. is very scanty (Kalwa '!!. al., 1953, Umamaheswara Rao and Subba-rangaiah, 1981 and Subbarang.aiah, 1985). Effects of var ious environmental fac tors on the output of tetraspores from GelKiium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis, Pterocladia hete ro -plat as (Boerges·en). Umamaheswara Rao aOO Kaliaperum al aOO GelKi iopsis var iabilis (Greville) Schmitz have been publish~ recently. (Umamaheswara Rao and Ka li ~perumal, 1983). The present paper deals with the effects of desiccation, salinity, light intensity and tempe-rature on the diurnal periodicity of tetraspore liberation from these three red algae grow-ing at Visakhapatnam. Materials an:J Metha:ls Tetrasporic plants of ~ pusillum, P. heteroplatos ard G. variabilis were collect ed during afternoon spr ing tides from the intertDal region of Visakhapatnam coast in dif f erent months of the year 1977-78. As descr ibed earlier (Umamaheswara Rao and Kaliaperumal, 1983) fertile thalli were selected ard used for spore liberation experiments. The experi -ments were commenced from 6 PM aOO the spores liberated into the petri dishes at 4 hr int ervals were · counted following the methoo given by Uma.mheswara Rao aOO Kalia-perumal ( 198 3). For sh.dying the effect of desiccation at room temperature, frords , aOO CENTRAL  MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN.XIO 30 24 18 12 ., ::> II: 06 ., ... ., '" II: o II. ., ~ .... ~ 1 8 12 6 Xicil Z 2 16 0 % <.> ;: 12 '" .... '" '" II: 8 0 II. en .. II: 4 .... '" .... UELlOIUN PUSILLUN O---<l 0 MIN 0--0 I~_ PTEROCLAOIA HETEROPL ATOS GELIOIOPSIS IIAR 'ABILIS .-.- 3OM.N A----c. 4'_ 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 PM A M AM PM PM AM All PM TIME rig. 1. Effect of desiccat ion on the diurnal periooicity of tetraspore~ in G. pusillumt P. heteroplatos ard G. variabilis ( Vertical lines show staroard error to the mean value) CENTRAL  MARINE FISHRIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN.89 stichidia were first blotted with cloth ard then the frords of ~ pus ilium ard P. hetero-platos were exposed to air for 15, 30 ard 45 min. and stichidia of ~ variabilis for 15 ard 30 min. Control (0 min. exposure) . were also maintained in all these experiments. After exposure to air the frords ard stichidia were placed separately in petr i dishes containing sterile sea water. Effects of salinity was tested using sea water of 20, 30, 40 and .5rJ'/00 for ~ pusillum and P. heteroplatos and 20, 30 aoo 4C1J/00 fo r G. variabilis. Desiccation am salini ty experi-ments were cord ucted at roo:n temper ature (28 t 2'C) near a light source of 500 lux to provide sufficient light from 10 AM to 6 PM. To test the influence of light intensity on diurnal rhythm in tetraspore output, experiments were corducled at 0,500,1 500 arn 3000 lux. The response of various temperature i.e. 15-35'C for G. pusillum, n-4rJ'C for ~ heteroplatos ard 25-35'C for ~ variabilis with 5'C intervals was studied by keeping petri dishes in temperature controlled dark incubator. Mean values of 10 experiments corducted for each factor with G. pusillum arel P. heteroplatos ard 5 experiments with G. variabilis are plotted in Figs. 1 to 4 aoo the data are presented as te traspores/sorus aOO tetraspores/stichK1 ium. Results Dala collecled on the effect of exposure to air on the diurnal periodicit y in tetra-spare liberation are given in fig.1. In G. pusillum collec t ed during March-November, there were no differences in the diu rnal per iod ic i ty betw een the control ard trords exposed for 15 ard 30 min. with peak shedding in all the experiments from 6 PM to 10 PM. But in 45 min. exposure the qU[lntity of spore output was very li ttle arrl !l1awed no definite peak in 'pore shedding. In ~ hetcroplatos maximum shedding of spores was fourd between 6 AM aro 10 AM in the cont rol experiemtns as well as in frords exposed for 150 min. Though the spores l iberated were less at diff erent times of the daYt spore output was slightly more from 6 AM to 10 AM or from 10 AM to 2 PM in the frords exposed for 30 and 450 minutes. In.Q.. variabilis collected during Apr il- June peak sporulation was seen between 6 AM and 10 AM in the control experiments ard in slichidia exposed for 150 and 30 minutes. fig.2· shows the effect of salinity on diurnal periodicit y in tetraspore !l1edding. In G. pusillum collected in february and March, the peak output of spores was observed from 10 PM to 2 AM at . 4 different salinilies .. ranging from 20 to 500/00, In P. heteroplatos at 200 / 00 the spore output was low ard more or less same quantity of spores was dis-charged at different times of the day. There was a grad ual increase in spore output at 300/00 from 6 PM to 2 PM with more number of spores between 2 AM cn:t 6 AM ard thereafter the output decreased. Similar trend was fourd at 400/00 with more quanti ty of spores froml0 AM to 2 PM. The spore output values were very low at 500/00 ard it was some what irregul ar. In G. variabilis collected in March, peak spore output was found in 200 / 00 between 6 PM and 10 PM. At 30°/00 more number of ~pores were liberated from 6 PM to 10 PM and from 6 AM to 10 AM. At 400/00 peak perioo of sporulation was between 10 AM and 2 PM. Results obtained on the diurnal periooicity of tetraspore output in dark and at di fferent light .. intensit ies are plotted in Fig.3. In G. pusillum collected in January ard in February peak output of spores w as fourd between 10 PM ard 2 AM in dark, 500, CENTRAL  MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN.XIO 20 ., ::> 16 12 8 :3 4 ., ... ., OJ a: ~ '" ...a: ~ 15 OJ ~ ;!! 10 5 XIO 25 ::> 20 o ;: u ~ 15 co ... ., ::! 10 ~ ., : 5 ~ w >-OEUDIUM PUSILLUII PT EROClAOIA H!;TEROPLATOS GELlDIOPSlS VAAIABIUS 6 10 2 6 PM PM PM AM T IME .t.--A 40 ... 0--0 so ... 10 2 6 :.N PM Fig. 4. Influence of temperature on the diurnal pe r iooic ity 01 tet raspores in G. pusiliuRl, P. heteroptatos ard G. va ri abili s CENTRAL  MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN.X IO 30 24 " 12 II) ~ co: o II) 6 ... 13 co: ~ II) q co: ... ... ... 36 24 12 XIO 50 :!; ~ i3 40 X c..> ... If) 30 ... II) '" co: ~ 20 If) .. a: ... 10 w I-6 PM AM GELlO&UN PUSILLUM _ DARK A---Jj. 600 LUX 0----0 IS 00 LUX o----D 3000 LUX PTEROCLADIA HETEROPLAIOS GELIDIOPSIS VARIAIIILIS , 2 6 6 10 2 PM PM AM TIME 6 10 2 AM 6 PM fig . 3. Influence of ligh t intensity on the diurnal periooici ty of tetraspores in G. pusi llum, ~ heteroplatos anj G. variabilis CENTRAL  MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN.'" ~ XIO 50 40 30 20 :5 10 (I) "-(I) ... a: o "-(I) .: a: ~60 .... 40 20 XI 0 2 :Ii: 16 ;2 a :z: 2 12 .... (I) "-en '" a: !i' en . ~ ... '" .... 8 4 6 PM 10 2 6 AM GELIDiUN PUSILLUfil PTERDCLADIA HETERDPLATDS OELIDtDPSlS VARIABILIS 10 2 6 6 10 2 AM PM PM AM TI ME ()---O 30 C 6 PM Fig. 2. Effect of salinity on the diurnal perioo idty of· te t raspores in C. pusi!lum, P. heteroplatos am G. variabilis CENTRAL  MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN.9J 1500 ani JOOO lux light intensities. In ~ heteroplatos also ro variation was four<! in dark ani in three light intensities tested ani maximum number of spores was fouOO bet-ween 2 AM ani 6 AM. In G. variabilis collected during December-february the diurnal periodicity obtained were similar in dark, 500 ani 1500 lux wi,th peak shedding of spores between 10 AM ani 2 PM. But in the experiments coOOucted at JQOO lux light intensity maximum shedding of spores was Observed 4 hr eartier i.e. from 6 AM to 10 AM. fig. 4 shows the influence of temperature on the diurnal perod ici ty of spore libera-tion. In experiments cor<!ucted with G. pusillum during August-November at 15°C the number of spores liberated at different times of the day was very low and relat ively more spores were liberated from 2 AM to 10 AM. At 20 ar<! 25°C an increase in spore output was observed from 6 PM with a dear cut peak betwen 10 PM ani 2 AM. There -after a sudden decline In the sporulation was found ani the values obtained for th, rest of the day were very little. At JO ani J5"C maximum shedding of spores occurr"" , between 6. PM ar<! 10 PM. In P. heteroplatos at 15°C the spore output was very loY, at different times of the day with high var.;" , from 6 PM to 10 PM. At ,, 20 aOO 25°( more number of spores was seen from 2 PM to 6 PM ani from 10 AM to 2 PM respec' tively. A1 Jo, J5 and 400C maximum quantity of spores was liberated between 2 A"" ani 6 AM. In experiments cor<!ucted with Go variabilis in December and Januar y, peak output of spores was observed from 10 AM to 2 PM at 25°C. At JO aOO J5°C maximum shedding was seen 4 hr earlier than at 25°C I.e. between 6 AM ar<! 10 AM. Regular diurnal per iodicity in spore shedding with peak discharge of spores during night time in G. pusillum and during day time in G. variabilis was observed. The pattern of the diurnal curves varied seasonally in these two red algae and 4 hr del~y in peak shedding of spores was found during winter months from December to February/ March. But in P. he teroplatos there was no regular diurnal periodicity in spore output ard seaon-ally also there was no varial ion in the pattern of diurnal curves (Umamaheswara Rao and Kaliaperumal, 1987). In Gloiopelt is species frards exposed for 2-6 hr liberated spores even 10 hr before the daily peak liberation (Matsu,i" 1969). But this type of accele rating effect was not seen in G. pusillum, P. heteroplatos an::I G. variabilis· as observed in Gracilaria corticata, G. textorii, Gracilariopsis sjoested tii and Hypnea valentiae (Umamaheswara Rao aoo Subbil-rangaiah, 1981). Salinit y had no effect on diurnal period icity of spores liberated from members of Gigartinales (Umamaheswara Rao an:j Subbarangaiah, 1981 ). Similar results were obtained in the present stLrly with .Q: pusillum an:j P. heteroplatos (Fig. 2) . But in .Q: variabili s the pattern of diurnal period icit y altered in 20~ aoo 30% and in these two salini t ies spore output was high bet wen 6 PM and 10 PM and from 6 AM lo 10 AM (Fig. 2). More detailed studies are need ed to urderstaoo the varia tions observed in G. variabil is at salinities below 30~ . The periodicity of sporulation . in G. · pusillum ard P. heteroplatos within a day did not alter in dark and in three different light intensities tested in the present study (fig. 3). It is in agreement with the fiooings of Katooa (195 5) on Gelid ium amansii aoo Uma-maheswara Rao and Subbarangaiah ( 1981) on Gracilaria corticata,.Q: textorii, Graciiariopsis sjoestedtii and Hypnea valenU ae. But in the experiments corducled with G. variabilis CENTRAL  MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN.94 during December to February, peak liberation of spores was advanced by 4 hr between 6 AM and 10 AM at 3000 lux while riormal pattern in the dai ly liberation was observed in dark, 500 and 1500 lux from 10 AM to 2 PM (Fig.3). Temperature', plays a vital role in regulating the spore shedding in a day in.Q, pusil-lum, P;' lieteroplatos and G. variabilis unlike in Iridophycus cornucopiae (Fukuhara, 1957). Peak liberation of spores was delayed by 4 hr at 25DC and 200C and by 8-12 hr at 15DC in .Q, pus ilium and for 4 hr at 25DC in G. variabilis (Fig. 4). The four hour delay in peak output of spores. ooserved in Gracilaria corticate ard Hypnea valenliae below 300C (Umamaheswara Rao and Subbarangaiah, 1981) is in conformity with the results obtained in the present study on G. pusillum and .Q, variabilis be low 300C, though the time of peak shedding varied in these algae. In Gelidium amansii the time of peak shedding of spores varied depending upon the seasonal changes in sea water temperature (Katada !:!. al~ 1953 and Katada, 1955). The experimental evidence collected in the present study agrees with the results obtained on Gelidium amansii. The differences in the period of peak liberation of spore. in fronds of G. pusillum and G. variabili. treated for short period. at 0, 20 and 400C (unpublished) ' further confirm the relationship between the diurnal rhythm and sea water temperature. I wish to express my thanks to the Head of the Dept. of Botany, Andhra University, Waltair for the laboratory facilitie. afforded in carrying out this work. My sincere thank. urc due to Prof. M. Umamahe.wara Rao, Dept. of Botany, Andhra University, Waltair lor suggesting this problem, encouragement and going through the manuscript critically. I am grateful to Dr. V.A. Parasuroman for linancial assistance and also to CSIR, New Delhi lor the award of Senior Research F eUowship. literature cited fukuhara, E. et Gardner 16 : 70-73. 1957 Ecological studies on Iridophycus cornucopiae (P. el. R) Setchell - 6. On the shedding of spore. Bull. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. Ka tada, M. 1955 Fundamental studies on the propagation of Gelidiaceous algae with special rference to shedding and adhesion of spores, germination, growth and vegetative reproduction 1. Shimonoselci Coil. Fish. 5 : 1-87 Katada, M~ T. Matsui, T. Nakatsukasa, 1. Kojo and A. Miura, 1953 Studies on the propagation of Gelidium V. On shedding of spores of Gelidium amansii. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 19 : 471-473 Matsui, T. 1969 Stuiies on the liberation ani germination of spores in Gloiopeltis ten ax (Turn.) J. Ag. and G. furcata Post. et Rupr. J. Shimonoseki Uni. Fish~ 17 : 165-231 Subbarangaiah, G. 1985 influence of temperature on . the diurnal periodicity of tetraspores of some Gigartinales (Rhodophyta) Seaweed Res. Utiln 6 (1&2): 23-27 Umamaheswara Rao, M. am G. Subbarangaiah. 1981 Effects of environmental factors on the diurnal periodicity of tetraspores of some Gigartinales (Rha::lophyta) 10th into Seaweed Symp. Waiter de Gruyter & C~ Berlin, New York. pp 209-214 CENTRAL  MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN.Umamaheswara Rao, M. and N. Kaliaperumal 1983 Elfects of environmental on the liberation of spores from some red algae of Visakhapatnam coast. mar. Bioi. Ecol., 70 : 45~53 95 factors 1. exPo Umamaheswara Rao, M. and N. Kaliaperumal 1987 sheddiri.g in some red algae of Visakhapatnam coast 106 : 193-199 Diurnal periodicity of spore 1. expo mar. Bioi. Ecol. • CENTRAL  MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN.

Effects of environmental factors on diurnal periodicity of tetraspore output in some red algae of Visakhapatnam coast

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Effects of environmental factors on diurnal periodicity of tetraspore output in some red algae of Visakhapatnam coast

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