Bivalves are notorious for their ability to bioconcentrate contaminants and

hence they can be used as effective indicators for monitoring trace toxic

contaminants in coastal waters due to their wide distribution, sessile life style,

euryhaline nature, resistance to stress and high accumulation of wide range of

chemicals and ease of sampling. Bivalve resources of Kerala State mainly include

different species of clams, oysters and mussels. During 2005- 2006 period, the total

bivalve landing was about 61280 tones, of which 75% was contributed by a single

species, Villorita cyprinoides (black clam). More than 90% of the total black clam

production of the state is supported by Vembanad Lake system

Sivaprasad, P S

CMFRI Digital Repository

BlOACCUMULATlON OF HEAVY METALS AND PESTICIDES IN VILLORITA CYPRINOIDES (HANLEY) (PELECYPODA: CORBICULIDAE) FROM COCHEN BACKWATERS, KERALA Dissertation su6mittedto the mangabre University in partiaCfu@GGment of tt'ie requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Phibsophy in 8wsciences b ' .  SIVAPRASAD, P. S., M. Sc. Library of the Central Marlne Flsherl~s Research Institute, i:ocllin Central Marine Fisheries Research ~nstitute (Indian Council ofAgricultura1 Research) P. B. No. 1603, Ernakulam North P. 0. Cochin- 682 018, Kerala, India December 2007 THE LlERARY C E N N  hNRl f?~ FISIIER!~ j ~'LSMRCH INSTITUTE fCOCNI - 682 0 18 Declaration I hereby declare that tlzis thesis entitled Bioaccumrrlation of heavy metals and pesticides in Villon'ta cypn'noides (Hanley) (Pelecypoda: Corbiculidae) from Cochin backwaters, Kerala is the bona fide record of the original research 7oork carried out  b y  me under tlze supemision and guidalzce of Dr. P. Kaladharan, Senior Scientist, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, and no  part of tlze tlzesis has been presented earlier f m  a n y  otlzer degree, diplonza or similar titles of a n y  University or I~zstittifion in India or abroad. Emnkulam, December 2007 (Researclz Student) Phone (Off) : 0484-2394867 2391407 Telegram : CADALMIN EKM Telex : 0885-6435 MFRI I N  Fax : 91-44-2394909 m , * a m 3 i 3 s m  m.1,:: .p HCAR d%K7 ;.i 1603; *, a - 682 018 CENTRAL MARINE FISHEIRES RESEARCH INSTITUTE POST BOX No.1603; ERNAKULAM NORTH P.O., COCHIN - 682 018 (W @ w m  *) (Indian Council Of Agricultural Research) Br. (P. Whdhran ,  N. Sc., PhB, ,W(,Y SenwrSckntist Tlzis is  to certifiJ that tlze Doctoral Dissertation entitled Bioaccunzulation of heavy metals and pesticides in Villorita cyprinoides (Hanley) (Pelecypoda: Corbiculidae) fronz Cochin backwaters, Kerala is  the authentic record of tlze oripnal research zilork carried out  b y  Mr. Sivaprasad P. S., M. Sc., under 172y guidance and supervision and that no  part of tlzis dissertation has been stlbnzitted earlier for a n y  other degree, diplo~lza or sirnilnr titles of a n y  otlzer University or lnst i tuf ion in India or abroad. P. Ka Eadharan (Supervising Gziide) I plbce on record the deepest gratitude to my supervising guide m, R WIbdharan, Senior Scientist, C M F w  for suggesting the topic, unfaifing gudance, constant encouragement and constructive criticism I receivedfrom him throughout the course of my study. I am gratgul to Dr. N G. % Pihi, Director and &oj (m.) Mohan Joseph Nodayil; Former Director, CNTW for providing necessa y facilities to caryout the work I woulit like to  eqress my thank  to the authorities of I C ' R  New DeChi for granting Senior @search FeeClbwship in connection with the -A8 Cess Funded Natioilal %etwor& Project on National @& Assessment Programme for Fish and Fish Products for Bomestic and InternationalNar@ts. I am deep4 obfiged to Dr. a. @emu, Senior Scientist andshri N X, Sanil; Scientist (Senior Scab, CMFRI for the time4 tie@ and the enthusiastic encouragements extended throughout my study. I eqress my sincere thank  to Dr. M. wjagopalbn, m'ncipaCScientist (Former HO(D) and m. M. La&hminarayana, Head; Fishehs Environment Management (Dt0&n (@END) for providng hborato y facilities and time4 support. I am e@remeCy grateful to Dr. @? P. Surendran, ~WimipaC SGientist (QtdJ Mkrobiolbgy Fermentation and (diotechmlbgy Division and Dr. ?: 'I! Sankar, Head; Biochemist7y and Nutrition Di&n ((dNDJ CIPT for the generous he@ andencouragements during the entire course of study. I am indebtedto Dr. R 1(, mhnakumar, PrincipaCSGientist, CMFRI for &ndb going through the thesis andfor offering valuabh suggestions. I am much thanvu l  to Smt. ~eelbbai, Smt. % % Vahalb, Shti Palbninvami, Shri Nandakumar, Shti Wrnbatt&ar, m M  .i'&n, CMFRI and m. 9 s h  mni, Shri Nathiai, BND, ~ ~ W f o r  the he@ andassistance receivedduring the periodof study. I am t h a n e l  to my colhagues at C I m ,  Cochin (Stiri SivaperumaCand Dr. 0. % Sindhu), C1G-A) Chennai (Shti J 6 9  ,Zbrhm and Shti ,Zbh&h) and CNFRA Cochin (Shri Pmop W h n a n ,  Shti Pmop B., Shti A$al; Miss. Pnjana Mohan, Miss. Neeth Susan andSmt. Dhanya  eni in) for their endco-operation and he&. I eqress my deep sense of ~rati tude to the arector of Fishries, Government of ~(eralb for granting me study have to pursue the doctoralprogramme. I am deep$ indebted to my parents, wife, hzighters, 6rothr and others in the fami4 for their ~~tintedandwhohheanedsupport andhe6p throughout the study. J6ove all; I 60w my headbefore GodaCm&hty. Contents Page Declaration Certificate Acknowledgments Acronyms Abstract Introduction Review o f  Literature Materials and Methods 1. Collection site 2. Collection of samples 3. Analytical methods 4. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and pesticides 5. Statistical analysis Results 1. Hydrographic parameters 2. Fat 3. Heavy metals 4. Organochlorine pesticides 5. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and pesticides _ 6. Hazard levels in Villorita cyprinoides Discussion Summary References Bivalves are notorious for their ability to bioconcentrate contaminants and hence they can be used as effective indicators for monitoring trace toxic contaminants in coastal waters due to their wide distribution, sessile life style, euryhaline nature, resistance to stress and high accu~nulation of wide range of chemicals and ease of sampling. Bivalve resources of Kerala State mainly include different species of clams, oysters and mussels. During 2005- 2006 period, the total bivalve landing was about 61280 tones, of which 75% was contributed by a single species, Villorita cypr-inoides (black clam). More than 90% of the total black clam production of the state is supported by Vembanad Lake system. Cochin backwaters, a part of Vembanad Lake system, one of the largest tropical estuaries along the west coast of India, is considered to be highly polluted due to effluent discharge fiom various sources. The samples (water, sediment and black clam) for the present study were collected from one of the major canals of Cochin backwaters (Lat. 9 O 40' & 10 12' N and Long. 76 O 10' & 76 O 30' E) namely the Vemblai Canal. Sa~nples for heavy metal analysis (water, sediment and black clam) were collected for a period of two years (January 2004 to December 2005). In the case of Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), samples of water and clam meat were collected from the same site for a period of one year (January 2004 to December 2004). The study revealed that the concentration of six heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn) and thirteen organochlorine pesticides (a BHC, y BHC, P BHC, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, ppDDE, opDDD, ppDDD, OPDDT, ppDDT) found in K cyprinoides, water and sediment are comparable to the earlier reports. Seasonal differences in the occurrence of heavy metal and pesticides are evident in the study. However, consistent statistically significant variations are rare. Environmental parameters like temperature, salinity and pH showed statistically significant correlation with few heavy metals such as Cd and Cr and OCPs like BHC, P BHC, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and ppDDT. Higher values of Bioconcentration factor (BCF) were obtained for almost all the heavy metals and organochlorine pesticide in the study. Values of Biotic sediment accumulator factor (BSAF) calculated for various heavy metals were moderately high for few metals. Seasonal difference is also evident in BCF and BSAF. Residual concentration of all the heavy metals and OCPs studied are within the safe limits prescribed by WHO and USFDA. The results of this study enabled to conclude that V. cyprirzoides possess the capabilities for accumulating heavy metals and OCPs from the surrounding medium. However, the bioaccumulation potential of the animal was found to vary with contaminants, seasons, levels in the surrounding medium and other unknown intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Therefore, the black clam can be used as sentinel organism in monitoring heavy metal and pesticide pollution in inland waters of Vembanad Lake systems. The residual limits of all the toxic contaminants are within the safe limits, and therefore the bivalve clam froin Cochin backwater is safe and suitable for human consumption and for aquaculture as nutrient rich wet feed. Acronyms AAS Anon. ANOVA As BCF BDL BHC BSAF CBZ Cd Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Anonymous Analysis of variance Arsenic Bioconcentration factor Below detection limits Benzene hexachloride Biotic sediment accumulator factor Cominco Binani Zinc Cadmium CF Concentration factor con. Cr DDD DDE DDT Concentrated Chromium Dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane Dichloro diphenyl dichloroethylene Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane DO Dissolved oxygen ECD EPA FACT FA0 Electron capture detector Environmental Protection Agency Fertilizer and Chemicals Travancore Food and Agriculture Organization FDA Food and Drug Administration GC Gas Chroinatorgraphy H2S04 Sulphuric acid HCH Hexa chlorohexane HC1 Hydrochloric acid Mecury Hindustan Insecticides Limited Nitric acid IRE Indian Rare Earths MPEDA mT, rn OCPs OP PAH Pb PCB PP P P ~  PPm P P ~  SD SPSS TCC TCMC UCI WHO Zn ii P Y Marine Products Expost Development Authority Maximum residual limit Not detected Organochlorine pesticides ostho para Polyaromatic hydrocarbons Lead Polychlorinated biphenyls para para parts per billion pasts per million parts per thousand Standard deviation Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Travancore Cochin Chemicals Travancore Cochin Manufacturing Company United Catalyst India World Health Organization Zinc Alpha Beta Gama Full Text Not Available

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and pesticides in Villorita cyprinoides (Hanley) (Pelecypoda: Corbiculidae)

from Cochin backwaters, Kerala

http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8914/1/THESIS_163.pdf

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and pesticides in Villorita cyprinoides (Hanley) (Pelecypoda: Corbiculidae) from Cochin backwaters, Kerala

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