Over the last fifty years, global aquaculture production has undergone remarkable changes, with production

scaling up from less than a million tonnes in the early 1950s to 48.1 million tonnes in 2005. China contributed to 67.3%

of the production, followed by India with 5.9%. Aquaculture now accounts for nearly 45% of the world’s food fish supply,

and this share is expected to reach 50% in 2015 (FAO, 2007). Mariculture is a relatively virgin field with continuous

scope for diversification and its ultimate aim is always to enhance high value sea food production through ecofriendly,

cost-effective technologies. The present annual mariculture production in India is about 7000t, which is estimated to

reach about 1 lakh tonnes in 2020

Kizhakudan, Joe K

CMFRI Digital Repository

Course ManualCentral Marine  Fisheries Research Institute(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)P.B.No.1603, Marine Drive North Extension,Ernakulam  North ,P.O.Cochin, KERALA – INDIA - 682018Winter School  onRecent Advances in Breeding  and Larvicultureof Marine Finfish and Shellfish30.12.2008 -19.1.2009CMFRICompiled and  Edited byDr. K. Madhu, Senior Scientist  and  Director,Winter school&Dr. Rema Madhu, Senior  Scientist and Co-ordinatorCentral Marine Fisheries Research InstituteCMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.2009145LARVAL  AND JUVENILE REARING OF THE SAND LOBSTER THENUSORIENTALIS LUND, 1793Joe K. Kizhakudan,Senior Scientist, Madras Rsearch Centre of CMFRI, Chennai - 28.E-mail: jkizhakudan@rediffmail.comIntroductionOver the last fifty years, global aquaculture production has undergone remarkable changes, with productionscaling up from less than a million tonnes in the early 1950s to 48.1 million tonnes in 2005.  China contributed to 67.3%of the production, followed by India with 5.9%. Aquaculture now accounts for nearly 45% of the world’s food fish supply,and this share is expected to reach 50% in 2015 (FAO, 2007). Mariculture is a relatively virgin field with continuousscope for diversification and its ultimate aim is always to enhance high value sea food production through ecofriendly,cost-effective technologies.  The present annual mariculture production in India is about 7000t, which is estimated toreach about 1 lakh tonnes in 2020.Crustaceans contribute more than 20% (in value) to global aquaculture production, ranking first in unit price perkg. Their contribution in terms of quantity is however, meager. Shrimps have formed the mainstay of crustaceanaquaculture. Commercial crustacean culture in India is mostly confined to scampi production and culture of the penaeidshrimps P. monodon and P. indicus. The shrimp culture industry, which saw a sudden expansion in the early 1990s,has now however, been relegated to a stagnation point and there is an urgent need for diversification in this arena. Atthis point, it is necessary to look into virgin species which hold high market value in fresh or processed form and areamenable to captive rearing. Lobsters and crabs rank next to shrimps in flavour acceptability. Lobsters are the mostvalued of all seafood delicacies and lobster tails are always in great demand world-wide. Crayfish and rock lobsteraquaculture practices are initially capital oriented but deliver high production and income turnover in the long run. Thisindustry has already taken off in countries like the U.S.A. and Australia. Lobster culture in India is in the infancy stageand the C.M.F.R.I. has been spearheading research in the development of culture technologies for different species oflobsters and crabs.The sand lobster Thenus orientalis ranks next to spiny lobsters and tiger shrimp in export value. It is one of themost promising candidates for lobster aquaculture in India. Complete larval development of T. orientalis was achievedfor the first time in India at the Kovalam Field Laboratory of CMFRI. (Kizhakudan et al., 2004, 2005) There has beenonly one other earlier report of a similar achievement in T. orientalis from Australia. The larval  cycle  is  completed  in26-30  days  and  juveniles  attain  a  size  of  150 g (the minimum legal size for export) in  about 300  days. Therelatively  shorter  duration  of  the  larval  phase  is an advantage  in  captive  rearing  of  the  sand  lobster  ascompared  to  the  spiny  lobsters.Larval  rearingThere  are  four  larval  (phyllosoma)  stages  which  metamorphose  and  settle  finally  as  the  post-larval  nistostage  in  about  26 – 30  days. Moulting  occurred  in  the  late  evening  or  night  hours.  The  number  of  days  takenfor  phyllosoma  fed  on  clam  meat  and  live  ctenophores  collected  from  the  sea,  to  settle  as  nisto  was  26 –30 days.  The  average  lengths  of  the  intermoult  period  for  each  stage  of  larval  rearing  were:Phyllosoma I 7-9  daysPhyllosoma II 5-6  daysPhyllosoma III 7  daysPhyllosoma IV 7  daysBROODSTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND CAPTIVE BREEDING OF SAND LOBSTER  THENUS ORIENTALIS LUND, 1793CMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.2009146The phyllosoma larva is characteristically flattened, leaf-like and transparent. The cephalic shield is much broaderthan the thorax. The abdomen is very short and narrow. The pereiopods arise from the thoracic region. The nisto is anon-feeding stage.   It resembles the adult lobster but has a transparent exoskeleton. Moulting to nisto marks the endof the planktonic phase of the animal’s life and the nisto settles to the substratum stage.It  does  not  swim  activelyunless  disturbed  and  prepares  for  the  next  moult  in  another 2-3  days,  following  which  feeding  on  clam  meatstarts. Hatching  occurs  in  batches  over  a  period  of  36 – 42  hours,  mostly  during  the  night  hours.  The  larvaethat  hatch  out  on  the  second  night  are  usually  found  to  be  more  active  and  healthy  and  are  better  for  rearingexperiments. Complete  larval  rearing  was  achieved  with  the  help  of  wild  zooplankton  and  fresh  clam  meat.The hatchery was divided into three rearing sections. The rearing  system  in  each  section  was  modified  to  suitthe  habitat  requirement  at  different  stages  of  larval  metamorphosis.  Phyllosoma I  (Plate 1a) were  stocked  inglass  beakers  @  5/litre  of  seawater.  Feed  was  given  twice  daily.  Mortality  and  moulting  were  recorded  daily.Upon  reaching  the  Phyllosoma  III  stage (Plate 1b),  the  larvae  were  transferred  to  floating  plastic  basins withperforated  bottom kept  in  mildly  aerated  recirculating  seawater.,  in  1 tonne  tanks  run  with  biofilters (ClosedRecirculatory  System).  When  the  larvae  began  exhibiting  morphological  changes  and  stopped  feeding,indicating  a  readiness  to  moult  into  the  nisto  stage,  they  were  transferred  to  bigger  tanks  provided  with  sandbottom  and  different  substrates  to  enable  larval  attachment  before  moulting  into  the  nisto.  Minimum  lightexposure  was  given  to  the  larvae  during  the  entire  experiment. The nistos were maintained in the same tanks.Feeding was stopped till the formation of the first seed.Juvenile rearingThe first juvenile stage, unlike the nisto, has a hardened shell and begins feeding on fresh clam meat.  The  earlyseed  stages  moult  successively  with   initial  increments of  almost 100%  of  the  body  weight.  As  the  sizeprogresses  the  inter-molt period  increases  from  six  to  forty  days. The subadult size weighing approximately 35 gin weight is reached in  about  three  to  four  months  time  (Fig. 1).  In 180  days  the  animals  attain  an  averageweight  of about  150 g  (160 – 164 mm  TL),  which  is  the   minimum  legal  size  for  export  of  T. orientalis.Fig. 1 Growth  of  laboratory-reared  juveniles  of  T. orientalis in  120  daysfrom  nisto  stageBROODSTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND CAPTIVE BREEDING OF SAND LOBSTER  THENUS ORIENTALIS LUND, 1793CMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.2009147Plate 1a. Developing larvae in eggs of  T. orientalis(enlarged view)Plate 1b. Phyllosoma I of T. orientalis (enlarged view)Plate 1c. Phyllosoma III of T. orientalis (enlarged view) Plate 2a T. orientalis - Nisto stagePlate 2 b T. orientalis - Laboratory reared juveniles Plate 3a High density rearing of T. orientalis juvenilesPlate 3 b .Polyculture of T. orientalis with F. indicusBROODSTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND CAPTIVE BREEDING OF SAND LOBSTER  THENUS ORIENTALIS LUND, 1793CMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.2009148 The  animals showed  good  reception  to  bivalve  meat.   Juveniles  fed  on  fresh  clam  meat  show  bettersurvival  and  moult  rates.  (Table 1).Table 1 :           Survival  and  moult  performance  of  juvenile  sand  lobsters  (15 – 20 mm CL)  fed  on  differentdietsFeed 15 days 30 days Total number of moults (%) recovered after 30 daysClam meat 100 93 63Mussel meat 90 77 45Trash meat 47 30 20**Feed  (wet  weight)  given  @  5%  of  body  weight  in  three divided  doses  dailyWater  quality  is  major  factor  affecting  the  success  of  all  rearing  works  done  in  captivity.  The  optimalwater  conditions  that  were  found  suitable  for  larval  rearing  and  grow-out   were :–Temperature 25 – 27 °CSalinity             34 – 37 pptpH 7.5 – 8.2Light exposure 6 h light + 18 h darknessWater  exchange 200% - larval  phaseClosed  recirculation – nursery & grow-outNitrate/Nitrite monitored  closely  and  kept  minimalAmmonia monitored  closely  and  kept  minimalHydrogen sulphide nilExperimental rearing to test substrate preferenceSeed of 5 – 30 g size collected from the wild were transported to the laboratory and acclimatized to the rearingenvironment. The rearing tanks were black FRP rectangular tanks with filter beds made of charcoal, seashells, graveland rubble. The water volume in the tank was maintained at 235 l (70 l for the filter bed). About I tonne of seawater waskept in the reservoir. The filtration rate was maintained at 120 l per hour.  The tanks were covered with black cloth toprovide sufficient darkness.The animals were fed ad. libitum with the clam, Meretrix casta. Live clams were opened, washed and droppedinto the rearing tanks. The experiment was run with two substrate treatments and a control with no substrate. Thetanks were stocked with seed (5 – 30 g size) @ 10 per tank.  Water salinity, temperature and pH  were maintained at35 – 38 ppt, 28 - 30° C and 7.7 – 8.0 respectively. The chief variant between the experiments was the substrate, forwhich brackishwater soil and coastal soil were used. The animals showed better survival when reared with coastal soilsubstrate.High density rearing of juvenilesA semi-enclosed intensive system with substrate bed trickling filter, for high density growout of T. orientalis wassuccessfully developed and tested at the Kovalam Field Laboratory. Cement tanks of 12.5 sq.m floor space and 0.5 mdepth were used. The systems were maintained with 30% water exchange, filter turnover ratio of over eight times, pH7.8 to 8.2, salinity 36-38 ppt and temperature range of 27º-29ºC. Light exposure was kept to a minimum. The sandlobsters were fed ad. libitum with live marine wedge clams. Seed of about 20mm CL (40mm TL) and weighingapproximately 5gm, stocked @ 30 and 35 per sq.m, were reared for a period of 250 days. While 71.7% of the lobstersBROODSTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND CAPTIVE BREEDING OF SAND LOBSTER  THENUS ORIENTALIS LUND, 1793CMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.2009149attained more than 100g weight, 58% reached commercially marketable sizes of 150 g and more. The harvest was tothe tune of 3.2 kg/sq. m and the total lobster biomass harvested was 40 kg, with a survival rate of 91.5%. The totalnumber of molts recovered was 2083. The FCR was derived to be 1:3.54 kg of clam meat.Polyculture of sand lobster juveniles with shrimpSeed of the white shrimp  Fenneropenaeus indicus (35-40 mm TL; 0.3-0.4 g)  was stocked @35 per sq.mtowards the completion of sand lobster growout. The number of lobsters stocked initially was 463 (192 males and 271females) and the number of shrimp stocked was 425. The shrimp were fed commercial pellet feeds and the lobsterswere fed with fresh clam meat. About 158.75 kg of clam meat and 2.54 kg of pellet feed was used. At the time ofharvest, 98% survival was recorded in the shrimp stock. The survival rate of the lobsters was 82.9%. The total numberof molts recovered was 2835 and the average number of molts per lobster was 7.7 in 250 days of growout. The finallobster biomass harvested was 3.02 kg/sq.m and the total lobster biomass harvested was 37.712 kg. The shrimpbiomass harvested was 278.6 g/sq.m. The production achieved in the intensive system indicates the possibility ofrearing sand lobsters at high densities, along with shrimp, since they do not compete for food and the lobsters do notprey upon the shrimp, thus increasing the chances of deriving higher economic returns from the growout system. Theresults obtained establish the candidature of T. orientalis for aquaculture as the species is relatively fast growing, notaggressive (placid) or cannibalistic, hardy, compatible for polyculture with shrimp and amenable to growing in highlyintensive systems like raceways.Salient Observations in juvenile rearing of T. orientalis : The animals show a preference for soft substrate during the day. They respond promptly to the introduction of feed into the tank. Clam meat induces good chemoreception even during day hours. Molt death syndrome is frequently observed with difficulties in shedding and hardening of the soft body postmolt – this can be possibly overcome with feed supplements which can provide a well-balanced nutrition. Males approach maturity faster and at a relatively smaller size; the activity perhaps leads to damages/erosion of uropod, and their survival rates show a sudden decline. Cannibalism is not exhibited by this species. Amenable to captive rearing in high density systems Amenable to polyculture with the Indian white shrimp, F. indicusReferencesBarnett,B. M., Hartwick, R. F. and Milward, N. E. (1984). Phyllosoma  and  nisto  stage  of  the  Moreton  Bay  BugThenus orientalis  (Lund)  (Crustacea : Decapoda : Scyllaridae),  from  the  shelf  waters  of  the  GreatBarrier  Reef.  Aust. J.  Mar.  Freshwat.  Res.. vol. 35, pp. 143-152.Higa, T.  and  Saisho,  T.  (1983).  Metamorphosis  and  growth  of  the  late  stage  phyllosoma  of  Scyllaruskitanoviriosus  Harada  (Decapoda : Scyllaridae).  Mem.  Kagoshima  Univ.  Res.  Centre  S.  Pacific,  3 : 86-98.Ito,  M.  (1988).  Mariculture-related  laboratory  studies  on  the  early  life  histories  of  the  scyllarid  (Crustacea :Decapoda : Scyllaridae) : two  forms  of  Thenus  Leach:  and  Scyllarus demanii  Holthuis.  M.Sc. Thesis.James  Cook  University  of  North  Queensland,  Queensland,  Australia. pp : 31-53.Ito,  M.  and   Lucas,  J. S  (1990).  The complete  larval  development  of the scyllarid  lobster,  Scyllarus demaniHolthuis, 1946  (Decapoda, Scyllaridae),  in  the laboratory.   Crustaceana.. vol. 58, no. 2, pp.Kittaka, J., (1990). Present and future of shrimp and lobster culture. In: Advances in Invertebrate  Reproduction 5. (ed.M. Hoshi and O. Yamashita), Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp.11-21.BROODSTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND CAPTIVE BREEDING OF SAND LOBSTER  THENUS ORIENTALIS LUND, 1793CMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.2009150Kittaka, J.  and  Booth, J.D.  (1980).  Prospects  for  Aquaculture. In : B. F. Phillips, J.S. Cobb and  J. Kittaka  (Eds.)Spiny Lobster Management . Fishing News Books, Oxford, pp.365-373.Kizhakudan, J. K.  (2005)  Culture  potential  of  the  sand  lobster  Thenus orientalis  (Lund)  (Abstract) In :  Book  ofAbstracts : Sustainfish 2005 – International  Symposium  on  Improved  Sustainability  of  fish  Productionsystems  and  appropriate  technologies  for  utilization.  (Abstract No. SAQ B20,  p : 120).Kizhakudan, J. K.,  Thirumilu, P.,  Rajapackiam, S.  and  Manibal, C.  (2004)  Captive  breeding  and  seed  productionof  scyllarid  lobsters – opening  new  vistas  in  crustacean  aquaculture.  Mar. Fis. Info. Serv., T & E Ser., 181: 1 – 4.Kizhakudan, J. K., E. V. Radhakrishnan, Rani Mary George, P. Thirumilu, S. Rajapackiam, C. Manibal and JosephXavier (2005) Phyllosoma larvae of Thenus orientalis and Scyllarus rugosus reared to settlement. The LobsterNewsletter – Vol. 17, No. 1, July 2004. p : 19.Marinovic,  Baldo,  Jacobus W. T. J. Lemmens  and  Brenton Knott (1994).  Larval  development  of  Ibacus peroniiLeach (Decapoda : Scyllaridae)  under  laboratory  conditions.  J.  Crus.  Biol.,  14  (1) : 18- 96.Mikami, S.  and  Underwood J. G. (1997).  Complete  development  and comparative  morphology  of  larval  Thenusorientalis  and  Thenus sp. (Decapoda : Scyllaridae)  reared  in  the  laboratory.  J.  Crus. Biol., 17 (2) : 289– 308Robertson, P. B. (1968).  The  complete  larval  development  of  the  sand  lobster  Scyllarus americanus (Smith),(Decapoda,  Scyllaridae)  in  the  laboratory  with  notes  on  larvae  from  the  plankton.  Bull.  Mar.  Sci.  18: 294 – 342.Senthil Murugan, T.,  Vijayakumaran, M.,  Remany, M. C.,  Thilagam, M. L.,  Jha, D.K.,  Kumar, T.S.,  Santhanakumar,J.,  Sreeraj, G.  and  R. Venkatesan  (2004).  Early  Phyllsosma  Larval  Stages  of  the  Sand  Lobster,Thenus orientalis  (Lund, 1793).  Proc. MBR 2004,  National  Seminar  on  New  Frontiers  in  MarineBioscience  Research, pp 161 - 168.Takahashi, M. and Saisho, T. (1978).The complete larval development  of  the  scyllarid  lobster  Ibacus ciliatus  (VonSiebold) and  Ibacus novemdentatus  Gibbes  in  the  laboratory. Mem.  Fac.  Fish.  Kagoshima  University.27 : 305-353.BROODSTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND CAPTIVE BREEDING OF SAND LOBSTER  THENUS ORIENTALIS LUND, 1793

Larval and juvenile rearing of the sand lobster Thenus orientalis Lund, 1793- Winter School on Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish and Shellfish

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Larval and juvenile rearing of the sand lobster Thenus orientalis Lund, 1793- Winter School on Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish and Shellfish

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