Global shrimp production as well as trading values and volumes have grown significantly in the past 20 years.

The major shrimp producing countries – China, Indonesia, India and Thailand have also experienced substantial

increases in recent years. The main shrimp species produced world wide is white-leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

which has replaced the native giant black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon especially in China and Thailand. Recently,

government of India has given permission to import the species to India. In recent years, production of P.monodon

declined mainly due to disease problems. The Better Management Practices (BMPs), when well designed and

implemented can support producers to increase productivity by reducing risk of shrimp health problems as demonstrated

in some farms in Andhra Pradesh by the joint MPEDA/NACA project. The latest development is organic shrimp farming

which has already produced good results in some countries. The cage culture of shrimp is another important

development

Laxminarayana, A

CMFRI Digital Repository

Course ManualCentral Marine  Fisheries Research Institute(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)P.B.No.1603, Marine Drive North Extension,Ernakulam  North ,P.O.Cochin, KERALA – INDIA - 682018Winter School  onRecent Advances in Breeding  and Larvicultureof Marine Finfish and Shellfish30.12.2008 -19.1.2009CMFRICompiled and  Edited byDr. K. Madhu, Senior Scientist  and  Director,Winter school&Dr. Rema Madhu, Senior  Scientist and Co-ordinatorCentral Marine Fisheries Research InstituteCMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.200996PRESENT STATUS OF SHRIMP FARMINGA. Laxminarayana,Principal Scientist, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi -682018.E -mail :  drlaxminar@yahoo.co.uk IntroductionGlobal shrimp production as well as trading values and volumes have grown significantly in the past 20 years.The major shrimp producing countries – China, Indonesia, India and Thailand have also experienced substantialincreases in recent years. The main shrimp species produced world wide is white-leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannameiwhich has replaced the native giant black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon especially in China and Thailand.  Recently,government of India has given permission to import the species to India.  In recent years, production of P.monodondeclined mainly due to disease problems. The Better Management Practices (BMPs), when well designed andimplemented can support producers to increase productivity by reducing risk of shrimp health problems as demonstratedin some farms in Andhra Pradesh by the joint MPEDA/NACA project. The latest development is organic shrimp farmingwhich has already produced good results in some countries. The cage culture of shrimp is another importantdevelopment.Shrimp productionShrimp production from capture and culture  has expanded over the past decade from 2.4 million MT in 1987 to4.2 million MT in 2000 to reach a record high of6.6 million MT in 2006.  The world’s largest shrimp producing countryis China with 2.7 million MT. The others three shrimp producing countries – Indonesia, India and Thailand have alsoexperienced substantial increase in recent years to over 500000 MT production in 2006.The main shrimp species produced is white-leg shrimp, L.vannamei.  This species has replaced, in the lastyears, the native giant tiger shrimp, P. monodon.  Nowadays, about one third of total shrimp production is L.vannamei.Production of tiger shrimp peaked at 726 000 MT in 1994.  In recent years, disease problems in the main producingcountries and the already mentioned replacement with L.vannamei led to a decline in output.  Inland shrimp productionshowed some important increase in recent years.  The world shrimp aquaculture production, which had stabilized inthe 1990s, have shown strong increases in recent years.  In 2006, shrimp aquaculture exceeded 3.2 million MT, whichwas 500000 MT more than in 2005.  China is, by far, the main shrimp culturing country with 1.2 million MT, followed byThailand with 500000 MT.Disease problems had overshadowed the production during the years in many countries, generally after a strongproduction period in the starting of the production cycle.  There was a disease which whipped out Chinese Ecuadorianproduction (1999) and the Brazilian production in 2006.  However, in recent years, most of the disease problems havebeen overcome.  In addition, the introduction of L.vannamei to Asia has created a production boom especially in Asia.In Thailand, L. vannamei replaced tiger shrimp.  The culture of L.vannamei can be completed in 90 days.  It cangrow to a 12 to 15g in 90 days and the farmers can get a count of 80 to 90/kg.  Due to increase in production, the saleprice of L.vannamei came down in 2007 from 6 to 7 dollars/kg to 2-3 dollars/kg.  As a result of this, the revival of cultureof P. monodon took place.  During 2007, the total production of tiger shrimp was 0.9 million tones, production ofL.vannamei was 1.2 million MT and the production by the Fenneropenaeus chinensis was 0.6 million MT, thus makingthe total production, 2.7 million MT.In India, the total shrimp production during 2006-2007 was 0.144 million MT from 1.50 lakh hectare water spreadarea.  The average production was 760 kg/ha.  During 2007-2008, the area under culture was reduced to 1.2 lakhhectares and the total shrimp production was reduced to 0.106 million metric t.  The production of the giant fresh waterCMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.200997prawn (Scampi), Macrobrachium rosenbergii was 30,000 MT from an area of 40,000 ha. during 2006-2007. But during2007-2008, the scampi production was 27,000 MT from 35,000 hectares.  In general, the major part of the production(shrimp and scampi) comes from Andhra Pradesh.  Recently, the government of India has given permission for theculture of L.vannamei, following strict quarantine procedures.  Since the duration of the culture for L.vannamei isshorter (90 days), three crops can be obtained in an year.Aquaculture boomL. vannamei, the white-leg shrimp, is by far the main species cultured.  This species was responsible for drasticincreases in recent years.  In 2006 the production of this species reached 2.1 million MT, up from 1.6 million MT in2005.  As a reaction to this boom, prices of L.vannamei shrimp fell sharply below those of black tiger, which triggeredsome producers in Asia to return to black tiger shrimp production.  Black tiger still plays an important role in theartisanal shrimp production and its  production peaked at almost 730000 MT in 2003, and recently declined to 650000MT. The share of aquaculture production in total shrimp production has grown in recent years.  The trend goes foraquaculture getting close to 50% in the near future. In 2006, the share was already 43%.  In India, the major speciescultured is P.monodon. Recently permission has been granted by Government for the culture of L.vannamei.Sustainable shrimp farmingThe main theme with regard to sustainable shrimp aquaculture over the years was the protection of mangroves,which in the early days of shrimp aquaculture were widely destroyed.  Nowadays, most of the major producing countrieshave good protection measures for mangroves, including mangrove replanting. Waste water is another major problemof shrimp aquaculture, as water coming from the farms might contain high levels of contaminants.  There is a movetowards shrimp production systems that are not discharging anything into the outside environment. The use of antibioticsin shrimp farms are under close observation by the health authorities in many importing countries, catching from timeto time countries and companies allowing too high level of antibiotics in their shrimp farms. Feed resources have to besustainable, which involves in the case of fishmeal the main producing countries such as Peru and Chile.  In thesecountries, a lot has been done recently to protect the fish resource used for fishmeal production through stringentquota systems. The stocking density has an obvious impact on the well being of farmed shrimp, and should berestricted in order to give more space to each specimen.  The escape into the wild is an additional threat to theenvironment, even though not such a problem for the shrimp industry.The recent development is the success achieved by shrimp farmer societies in Andhra Pradesh by BetterManagement Practices (BMPs) especially to overcome the white spot disease problem. The Krishna District coversabout one third of total brackishwater area developed into shrimp ponds in Andhra Pradesh in India.  Although, untilmid 1990s, shrimp farmers earned returns, the investment in technologies for good management practices weregenerally ignored.  As a result, shrimp farming in Krishna District failed to withstand impact of vital disease. As thesituation failed to improve, large number of farmers abandoned shrimp farming.  However, the work by the NationalCentre for sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA) to establish more than 100 farmer societies and introduce managementpractices (BMPs) has helped to turn this situation around.  A joint project of Marine Products Export DevelopmentAuthority (MPEDA) with NACA to support shrimp farmers in disease control and coastal management was initiated in2002, leading to participatory development of Better Management Practices (BMPs).  The project supported farmersto implement BMPs through formulation of self help groups around ‘local clubs’.  Economic analysis of 15 farmergroups in Andhra Pradesh clearly demonstrated that farmers adopting BMPs have higher profitability, lower cost ofproduction, and are able to produce quality and traceable shrimp without using any banned chemicals. The activitiesof the project have been absorbed into the newly formed National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, an outreachorganization of MPEDA, dedicated to supporting self help clubs and adoption of BMPs.Since there are lot of opportunities for value added shrimp products, the block frozen headless should be reallya thing of the past.  There are other possibilities to add value, by producing organic shrimp or by highlighting the qualityof a product through geographical denomination of origin.PRESENT STATUS OF SHRIMP FARMINGCMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.200998Organic shrimp farming is popular in U.S.A., Viatnam, Thailand and Bangladesh.  The organic shrimp farm inUSA produces its own shrimp feed formulas. Other sustainable processes at this organic shrimp farming operationincluded; zero discharge and water quality control through natural inputs such as molasses and beneficial bacteria.  Toachieve this, water much be tested every four hours for levels of nitrates, nitrites and ammonium as well as oxygenlevels.  If nitrate, nitrite or ammonium levels rise, shrimp feeds are reduced.  If oxygen levels drop, aeration is increasedand ponds can be inoculated with water from ponds to raise oxygen levels.  This requires multiple ponds for inoculationwhich is impractical in India and other countries where shrimp farms are located in close proximity to each other,leaving no room for expansion for the construction of addition ponds. In a recent work at the oceanic Institutes, Hawai,a feed formulation was developed for rearing shrimp to market size (15-20g) with low levels of cholesterol and elevatedlevels of Omega-3 fatty acid, docosa hexanoic (DHA). The results of the experiments indicate that the levels of cholesteroland DHA in shrimp tail muscles were significantly influenced by the composition of the diet.  The organic block tigershrimp farming is also done in Thailand.  In India, the MPEDA has entered into a consultancy agreement with Naturland,a Certification Agency.  The MPEDA has selected a certified shrimp hatchery, an organic feed producing company andan organic scampi hatchery.  MPEDA plans do organic shrimp farming in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.The results obtained so far are encouraging.Probiotics and shrimp farmingThe live bacterial supplements that improve animal health known as ‘probiotics’ are used in shrimp feeds, hatcheriesand grow-out ponds. Probiotic bacterial cultures added to shrimp ponds typically are composed primarily of heterotrophicbacteria, or a mixture of heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic nitrifiers. Heterotrophic bacteria are those bacteria thatprimarily obtain their nutrition from organic sources.  The primary source of carbon for these bacteria is carbohydrates.Nitrogen is typically obtained from the proteins in the organic material consumed by the bacteria.  Just like the shrimp,heterotrophic bacteria excrete ammonia as a by-product of the metabolism of the proteins they consume.  Someheterotrophic bacteria, however, are able to utilize ammonia directly as an alternative source of nitrogen.Shrimp feeds used in intensive shrimp ponds typically have at least 35% protein.  These feeds do not contain alot of carbohydrate.  C:N ratios in these feeds typically run around 9:1.  The bacteria require about 20 units of carbonper unit of nitrogen assimilated.  With such a low C:N ratio in the feed, carbon is the limiting nutrient for heterotrophicbacteria populations.  The bacterial population will not expand beyond a certain point due to the limited availability ofcarbon.  The protein in the organic detritus supplies most of the nitrogen requirement for the heterotrophic bacteriaunder these circumstances, and inorganic ammonia is not utilized as a nitrogen source to any great extent. If the C:Nratio is increased, either by feeding lower protein feeds with a higher percentage of carbohydrate, or by adding acarbohydrate source such as molasses in addition to the regular feed, the increased availability of carbon allows theheterotrophic bacterial population to consume a higher percentage of the protein in the organic material.  This resultsin more complete digestion of the organic material in the pond by the heterotrophic bacteria. As the C:N ratio increases,the heterotrophic bacteria resort increasingly to ammonia metabolism to meet their nitrogen requirements. As C:Nratios are increased even further, a point is reached where nitrogen, rather than carbon, becomes the limiting nutrient.At this point ammonia concentrations should be close to 0 mg/L in the pond.It should be pointed out that holding the feed protein constant and supplementing with pure carbohydrate willresult in much higher bacterial counts in the pond.  The oxygen required to support this additional bacterial biomasswill increase proportionally with the increase in bacterial population.  Likewise, CO2 production will increase, driving pHdown.  If we are contemplating carbohydrate supplementation to increase C:N ratios, make sure that the pond is well-aerated and circulated to keep the organic detritus suspended in the water column where there is sufficient oxygen forthe heterotrophs.  Also, once we develop a dense population of heterotrophs through carbohydrate supplementation,don’t discontinue the carbohydrate supplementation suddenly.  This will starve the bacteria of carbon, a die-off willoccur and an ammonia spike will be obtained.Another point that should be considered before enhancing C:N ratios in P.monodon ponds.  P.monodon does notutilize the organic detritus and associated bacterial protein as effectively as a food source as does L.vannamei, C:NPRESENT STATUS OF SHRIMP FARMINGCMFRI - Winter School Course Manual on “Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish  and Shellfish”.30.12.2008 - 19.1.200999ratios can be enhanced by lowering the overall feed protein levels and utilizing feeds that are high in carbohydrate.Because L.vannamei feeds on the organic flocs and utilizes bacterial protein efficiently, growth rates don’t suffer andprotein utilization efficiencies improve dramatically.  With P.monodon, feeding low-protein, high-carbohydrates dietswill likely result in lower growth rates.  Therefore, it might be necessary to depend more on supplementation with purecarbohydrates to boost C:N ratios.  But this will result in more bacterial biomass, more BOD and higher CO2.  Thismakes it somewhat questionable,  whether it is worth the risk to manage a P.monodon pond with high C:N ratios.The recent development in shrimp farming is the cage culture.  This has been done in some countries likeCambodia, Brazil and recently a beginning has been made in India.  More studies are needed in this environmentallyfriendly method of shrimp farming.ConclusionIt is very necessary to develop and promote sustainable and eco-friendly methods of shrimp farming.  The use ofprobiotics in shrimp ponds may be popularized instead of antibiotics.  Organic farming of shrimps needs to bestandardized and popularized. The cage culture of shrimps is another eco-friendly method which needs to bestandardized and popularized.PRESENT STATUS OF SHRIMP FARMING

Present status of shrimp farming- Winter School on Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish and Shellfish

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Present status of shrimp farming- Winter School on Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish and Shellfish

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