Cage and pen culture practices in certain Southeast Asian countries

viz. India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Philippines have been reviewed in this

paper The various methods adnpted and materials used in the design and

construction of cages and pens and the different species of fishes cultured

in these two systems are discussed. The possibilities for adopting pen and

cage culture practices for fish production in !ndia are also indicate

Ameer Hamsa, K M S

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Pr(lc. Natl Sem. Cag~ Pen Cultwe. 1983 " , , H I PRESENT STATUS OF PEN AND CAGE CULTURE OF FINFISHES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA K. M. S. AME!R HAMSA • Tuticarin Research Centre (>f CM FR T. Tuticarin - 628 OOJ. ABSTRACT Cage and pen culture practices in certnin Southeast Asian countries viz. Tndia. BanKl"desh. Sri Lnnka. Tndonesia. Singapore. Malaysia. Thailand Cambodia. Vietnam nnd Philippines have been reviewed in this paper The various methods adnpted and materials u .• ed in the desilm and construction of cages and pens and the different species of fishes cultured in these two systems are discu.«ed. The passiMlilies for adopting pen and caKe culture practices for fish production in !ndia are also indicated INTRODUCTION The pen farming had probably started in Asia in the early 1920's in Japan ·(Milne. 1979). In Southeast Asia. Philippines is the onlv known country where pen culture of fish has been extensively developed very recently (Mana. 1982). Cage culture of fish originated in the Par East ahoul a century ago. The practice was first descrihed by Lafont and Saveun in 1951 (Hickling. 1962). Tn the early years it was used primarily for cultivating freshwater fishes. During the last decode. the technique has been adopted for both freshwater and marine fishes. This paper reviews the present status of pen and cage culture of fin-fish in Southeast Asia and t he details are summarised in Table I and 2. INDIA Experimental pen cult UTe of Chonos chonos and MugU spp. has been made recently by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Tnstitute at Mandapam (Ver.kataraman et ai, 1979). Squarish pens of bamboo designed to withstand wave acrions for a longer period were constructed. Pach pen of !II m' area consists of a douhle layered • thatti • (screen made of hamboo splits). 8n outer layer made of splits of 9 mm thickness and an inner layer of S mm thick splits. Experiments have been. conducted by the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute to study the feasibility of .-- ., " ••• nt addt ••• : Mend.pam ".gienll Cantr. Df C,MFRI, Mlnd,p.m Camp, -70-raising quality freshwater fish seeds in . floating nurseries and raising fish of marketable size in cages in a tank with an area of about I ha. at Jari, Allahabad (Natarajan, 1979). The tank had a depth of 2.4 to 3.0 m and cages were floated in the deepest arell of the tank. Cages measuring 2.20 x J. 60 X 1 .• 45 m were used for rearing the hatchlings, fry and early fingerlings and for the advanced fingerlings. the ~ize of tbe cage was standardised to 2.0" I . 5 " J. Sm. BANGLADESH Floating and fixed cages measur;ng 7 x 4 I( 4 m have been constructed with bamboo poles and nylon net of mesh size 6mm for the enclosure at Dhan-mond; lake. Dacca and Nile tilapia, Tilapia nilotica was cultured (Karim, 1982) The fixed cage was for the cul-ture of Indian major carps, common carp and silver carp. SRI LAlOKA Culture of T nilot!ca in cages has been tried in Sri lanka (Siriwardena, 1981,. Net cage measuring 2 m' and 2. 75 m" were used to study the growth of r nilolica at different stocking rates with two feeding regim.s (5% and 10% of body weigbt). INDONBStA Cages made of hard wood with dimen~ sion of 4 X 2 x 2 m are floated with the help of logs. Tbe freshwater fishes viz. C striatus and Oxyeleotris marmora' Ius are commercially cultured in cages. The stockinll density per cage is 1000 fingerlings and . the fish arc fed with chopped'trash f ish at the rate of 5-10 kg I cage I day. In tbe coastal waters of Indonesia, culture of Epinephelus tauvina, Plectro-pomus leopardus and Lates Calcarifer was carried out in cages of 3 x 4" 6m size. (Lanjumin, 19~21. In West Java, net cages of 3 x 3 x 2m size are used in the culture of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Jang-karu, 1979). SINGAPORE Several species of marine fishes such as E. tauvina, L. calcarifer and Lutjanus sp. are cultured in cages in SIngapore (Lee, 1981). Fish seeds are imported from nearby countries namely Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippi Des Net cages of 2 x 2 x 2 m to 5 x 5 x 3 m are made to float by means of plastic drums and metal drums attached to wooden framework The mesh size of the De! varies from 6 to 12 mm. MALAYSIA Culture of finfish such as Epinep-heltis spp ., L. calcarifer, Lutjanus russelli and Siganus javus in cages has been attempted by Malaysis recently (Rabim, 1982). The freshwater fishes such as carps, gobids, rohu, giant gourami and Ii/apia are also being cage cultured in some parts of Malaysia. Net cagee of 5.0 x 5.0 x 2.S m size are used for the culture of bighead carpAristichthys nobilis, (Khalil, 19821. THAILAND In Thailand freshwat:r fishes such as catfi<h Pangasius sutchi, Clarius macrocephalus. marble goby, Oxyeleolris marmoralus. C. carpio, Punlius goniono-tus, T. nilotica and C. striatus are cul-tured in bamboo or wooden cages wbich are floated in the rivers or can~ls (Tugsin, '982). ~ -71-TABLB 1: - Pen culture in India and Philippines. Fish Pefls ....................... Country Mesh Fish Stocking Produc-Type Size Meterial size cultured density Feeds Growth tion Reference and size India Square 9 x 9m Split Chanos 2,000/ha Minced 51 mml 8t/ha Veaktara-bamboo chanos (60-90mm) fish month man et al., poles meat (1979) and MugU 42,OOO/ha oil cake spp. (mean size (I: I) 18 mml 6t/ha -32 mm) month Philip- Circular. 0.5- Poly- 10-25 C. chanos, 25,000 - Rice Marketable Castillon pines rectan - 1000 ethylene mm Tilapia 30,OOO/ha bran size- (1982) aDd gular, ha nets nito/iea or 200-250g Gnerrero square or poultry in 4-5 ( 1982) hexagonal feed or months popcorn or fijsh meal (10% of body weight) / -72-TABLE 2:- Cage culture in various countries Fish cages Country Mesh Fish Stocking Produc-Type size Meterials density & Feed Growtn Reference size cultured size tion (1) (2) (3 ) (4 ) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) India Rectan- 2 20x Nylon 1/8" Calla 10,000 Soya bean 37.1 mm Natarajan gular 1·60x net Calla, spawn Isq. powder, in 28 days ct. al I Floating), 145m , 'Labeo m. (mean ground nut and (1979) rohila &. ,ize Ii. 5 oil cake 23.7 mm L. bata and 7. a and rice in 28 and mm) polish 21 days 2.0x Galva- 1/5 " Cirrihina 2800 fry I (1:1:1) for 1. 5x oised mrigala sq m hatchlings 1.5m iron (mean size 76.2 rom 30.2 and in 89 days 45.6mm) and 73.4 mm in 82 days for fry I fingerlings. Bangla- Floating 7x 4x Nylon 6mm T. nilotica. SOO/cage Mustard 31.29 Karim et desh and 4m net C. catla. (50-75 oil cake metric 31 (1982) fixed C. mrigala. mm) and tons I ha Cyprinus wheat mb carpio, bran - I : I months H>pophthal- (5% of T. niloUca michthys body molilrix weight) -73-(1) (2) (3) (4} (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (II) Sri Fixed 2m" Nylon T niTotieD 600-1500 PelJeted & Siriwar-Lanka and net and CompouD-' dena 2.5m' 600-1000 ded feed (1982) (rice bran and J~aves of [pi! - ipi/ and mannihot coconut, residue and fish offal) Indo- Floating 4x2x2 Hard- C. stria- 1000 Trash fish 600 kgl lndra nosia m wood tus, finger- (5-10 kit cage in (1982) Oxveleo- Iingsl cage I day) six tris cage months marmora -tus Floating 3;X4x6,;. Nylon Epinephe- 800 juve- Trash fish from 150- Lanjumin m &d.'i) ' not Ius Diles I cage 200 g to ( 1982) tauvina, ( ISO/200g/ 600-700g/ Pleetropo- fish) fish in mus 5-6 leopardus months and Lates ealearifer -74-Fish cages Country - -Stocking Produc-Mesh Fish \ density Ik. reed Growth Reference Type ,Size Meterials size cultured size lion (I) : (2) (3) , (4) (5) (61 (7) (8) (9) ( 10) (II) Floating 3x3x2 Nylon C. carpio 2ka. 4kg PeJleted 1. 27%. Jahglcaru m lIel and feed 1. 30% (1979) 6 kg/m' (crude and 030 g/ protein - 1.51 % I fi.h) ' 32%1 fish J day Siaga- Floating 2x2xl Nyloll 610 Epinephe- 400- 600 Trash fish From 100g Lee (1982) pore m net 12 mm Ius 175 - 100 15-10% of 10600-10 tauvina , mm) body 800g SxSx 3m L calcari- in cage weight) in 6-8 f er & 2x2x2 months Lutjanus and \80-100g/ SPP. 1100(125- month ISO mm) in cage h'x3 Malay- F10atiDg SxSx2 .S Nylon- Epinephe- Trash fish Epinephe- Rahim lia m nel Ius. Ius (1982) spp .• (0 6 kg in L calcari- 10-12 fer. months) LutjalZus L. calcari -russel/i fer and (1_3 kg ill Siganus I year) iavus -7'-( I ) (2) (3 1 (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (II) Floating 5xSx2 .S Polye", l25.4 Carps, 6, 12 and 887 87 Khalil m thylene ·. mm gohies, 24 fishlm s kg (1982) rohu t (Bighead (6/m"), giant- carp) 987.20 gourami kg and (121m", TiJapia and 1384 . 41 kg (241m") t150m' (Big-head-carp) Thai- Floatins 10-15 Bamboo Catfish, 1001m' Trash fish 600 !I Tugsin land m' or gobids, (100-300g (10% of fish 10 6-8 (1982) Wooden carps and I fish) body months T. nilotica weight) (Oxyeleo-tris marmora-Ius Ploalin8 2x2x2 Nylon 20-50 L. calcari- 500 fry I Trash fish Tanomkial m and net mm fer. m' 10"/0 of (1982) 3xlx3 Epinephe- (lO-IS body m Ius tauvil/a. mm) and weight) Epinephe- 30 finger-Ius spp., lings I m' LUljanus L. Calcari· spp., and fe, Siganus spp· -76-Fish cages Country --Stocking Produc-Mesh Fish density & Feed Growth Reference Type Size Meteriah size cultured size tion (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Cam Floating 40 to Bamboo Pangasius, 6,000- Small fish- 1.5-2.5 Guerrero bodia 625 m and Clarius to,noo cooked :' kg/ fish III (198~) , Wooden and fry leage vegetables in 9 ': ' I: ',,'~ Oxyeleo- and flee months Iris bran; big-';'. ger fish-raw fish and Idtchen refuse (1 : I) Vietnam : Floating 60-181 Bamboo Barbus. 80-361. Vegetables 3,000- Pantulu m~ .. 4: and Leptobar- fry 1m" and animal 25,OUO (1979 ) wond l us, products kg,cagel Pongasius year and Channa , Philip - Fleating I rna to Nylon 12.7- T. niloliea 16 finger- Mainly Marketable Guerrero pines 50 x 25 net 25:mm lings 1m" natural size 111 X ~ 5 m 5-,108 food IOO-150gio (1979) eaph) (occasion- 6 months ally rice r" bran used) Floating., 6xl .9-3 £,. Siganus 400-500 Marine Marketa- Castillon xI-3.5m thyleno spp. fry/m algae and ble size- (1982) nets (20-25 rice bran 85-100g/ mID) fish. ' The marble goby is all important food fish of Thailand Wooden cages of 10-1S m' size and 1.5 m deep arc in-veriably used for its culture. Marine species such as L. calcarifer, Epinephelus spp., Lutjanu, sebae. L johni. L. russelli and Siganus sp. are also cultured in cages made of nylon netting with dimen-~ions of 2 x 2 x 2 m and 3 X 3 x 3 m and mesh size of 2-5 em (Tanomkiat. 1982). CAMBODIA AND VmrNAM In Cambodia. species of Pangasius, Clarias and Oxyeleotris are cultured in large sized floating cages made of bam-boo poles and splints supported with wooden planks and beams. The size of the floating cag" varies from 40 to 625 m3 (Guerrero, 1982). Cambodians have introduced cage culture in Vietnam. The main species cultured are Barbus. Leptnbarbus. Panga· sius and Channa. The size of cages varies from to 60181 m (Pantulu, 1979). PHILIPPINES In tbe Philippinrs. tbere are abnut 2.50,000 ba. of lakes, rivers, reservoirs and swamps wbich could be profitably utilized for fish production tbrougb cages and pens (Guerrero, 1979). Laguna de Bay is the largest lake witb an appr-oximate area of 91,000 ba. Profound chan~es had taken place during the last ~ecade when Tilapia was introduced into :he Laguna de Bay and Tilapia culture ,ecame very widespread. At present fila pia forms one of tlle most im-)ortant and accepted food fishes in l)e Pbilippines. T. nilotica is the main species eom'llereially oultured in cage and ~eDs all over Philippines. Cag~s of different sizes varyin~ from I x 1 x 1m to 50 x 25 x 5 mare used for rearing the fry and fing~rlinas of T nilotica in various parts of Pbilip-pines. The mesh size of Ibe nel varies from 12.7 to 25.0 mm (Guerrero, 1979). Experimental culture of Siganus spp. in floating net cages is being carried out in Philippines at present and tbe results are encouraging. Tbe cages measure 6m long, 1.9 - 3.0 m wide and 1.0 - 3.5 m high (Castillon, 1982). Chanos chanos is cultured in cir-cular, rectangular or square pens constructed with polyethylene nelS bam-boo poles and nylon ropes (Castillon, 1982 and Guerrero, 1982). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS [ am very grateful to Dr. E. G. Silas, Director. Central Marine Fisher-ies Research Institute (Ie AR) and UNDP I FAO for .ponsoring me for the training on "Cage and pen culture" at Southeast Asian Fisberie. Development Centre Aquaculture Department, Bin-angonan. Philippines during October -December, 1982. [also express my sincere thanks to Dr. B. Krisbnamoorthy, Head of Demersal Fishery Resources Division and to Or. K. Satyanarayana Rao, Scientist S-2. Central Marine Fish-eries Reserch bstitute for critically going through the manuscript and offer-ing valuable suggestions. -18-REFERENCES Alferez, V ,1982. Fishpen design and construction. Report of the Train-ing Course on Small · Scale Pen and cage Culture for finfi sh. South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, Manila, Philippines, p . 23-51. Castillon, W. Z., 1982. Pen and cage Culture of finfiish in the Philippines Report of the Training Course on Small-Scale Pell and Cage Cuhure for finfish . South China Sea Fish-eries Development and Coordi-nating Programme, Manila, Philip-pines, p. 187 · 190. Guerrero, R D. 1979. Cage cuhure of Tilapia in the Philippines. Inter· national Training Workshop on pen and cage culture of fisb, February 11 - 22, 1979. Tigbauan, ilOilo, Philippines, p. 105-106. Guerrero, 1982. Status of pen and cage culture in various countries. Second International Training un Cage and Pen culture of Tilapia. October 4-December 2, 1982, Binaogooam, Philippines, p. \-12. Hickling, C. F., 1962. Fish culture. Faber and Faber, Lodon, 295 pp. Indra, R, 1982. Fish cage culture deve-lopment in East Kalimantan Pro-vince, Indonesia. Report of the Training Course on Small Scale pen and Cage Culture for finfisb. South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, Manila, Philippinei, p . 163-164. Jangkaru, Z. and Rustami Djajadiredja, 1979. Comm~n carp in float ing net cage culture. International Work-shop on Pen and Cage culture ofi fish. February 11-22. 1979. Tig-bauan, Iloilo, Philippines, p. 55-60. Rarim, M. R. and A K. M. Harun-al-Rashid Khan, 1982 Small scale pen and cage culture for finfhh in Bangladesh. Report of the· T rain-in!: Course on Small-'kale Pen and C.ge culture for Finfish. South Chine Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme. Manila. Philippines, p. 157- I 60. Khalil, R. 1982. Cage culture in fresh-water in Malaysia with emphasis 00 the program of the Freswater Fish Culture Research Statio~ (MARD\), Batu Berendam, Mal-acca. Malaysia. Report of the Training Course on Small·Scale Pen and Cage Culture for Finfish. South China Sea Fisheries Devdopment and Coordinating Programme, Manila, Philippines, p. 177- 185. lanjumin, L 1982. Development of e.g. culture of finfish ill Riau Archipelago, Riau Province. Indo-nesia. Report of the Training Course on Small-Scale Pen and Cage Culture for Finfish. South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, Manila, Philippines, p. 165-166. Lee, E. S. 1982. Cage culture for marine finfish in Singapore. Report of the Training Course on Small-Scale Pen and Cage Culture for Finfish. Soutll China Sea Fisberies Development 2nd Coordinating Programme. Manila, Philippines, p.197 - 199. -79-Mane, A. M., 1982. Mana~ement and maintenance of fishpens ' in laguna de Bay. Report of the Training Cou rse on Small - Scale Pen and Cage Culture for Finfish. South China Sea Fisheies Dtvelopment and Coordinating Programme, Manila, Philippines, p. 57-63 Milne, P. H.. 1979 Selection of sites and design of cages, fishpens and net enclosures for aquaculture. In: Advance in Aquaculture. (ed T. V. R. Pillayand Wm. A. Dill) Fishing News Books Ltd., England, p. 416-423. Natarajan, A. V, R. K. Saxena and N. K. Srivastava. 1979. Experiments On raisingquality fish seed in flocating nurseries and its role in aquaculture in India. International Workshop on Pen Caae culture of fish . Feb-ruary, II - 22. 1979. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines, p. 45 . 49. Pantulu, V. R., 1979. Floating cage cul-ture of fish in the lower mekong River Basin. In: Advance in Aqua-culture. (ed. T. V. R. Pillay and Wm. A. Dill) Fishing News Books Ltd .• England, p. 423 -427. Rahim. B., 1982. Cage of finfish in Peninsular Malaysia, Report of the Traing Course on Small-Scale Pen and Cage Culture for finfish. SOUlh China Sea Fisheries Development and Coodinating Programme, Manila, Philippines. p. 173-176. Siriwardena, P. P. G. S. N., 1982 Future plans for pen culture and small-Scale cage culture in Sri lanka. Report of the Training Course on Small - Scale Pen and Cage for Finfish. South China Sea Fisheries Development and Co-ordinating Programme, Manila, Philippines, p. 201- 204. Tanomkiat, T .• 1982. Programme on cage culture at the Phang Nga Small-Scale Fisheries-Assisted Pro-ject, Phaog 'Nga Province, Thailand. Report of the Training Course on Small-Scale Pen and Cage Culture for Finfish, SOUlb China Sea Fish-eries Development and Co-ordinat-ing Programme, Manila. Philippines. p. 213. Tugsio. Y , 1982. Cage culture of fresh-water finfish in Thailand. Report of the Training Course on Small-Scale Pen and Cage Culture for Fin-fish, South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, Manila, Pbilippines, p 205-206 Venkataraman, G., K. M. S. Ameer Hamsa and P. Nammalwar. 1979. Pen Culture. International worle-shop on Pen and Cage Culture of fish, February 11-22, 1979, Tig-bauan, lIoilo, Philippines, p. 41-44. 

Present status of pen and cage culture of finfishes in Southeast Asia

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Present status of pen and cage culture of finfishes in Southeast Asia

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