A perusal of literature shows that over the years

various authors have used different terminologies for the

various early developmental .stages or, phases of marine

fishes

Bensam, P

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Proceedings of the Summer Institute in Recent Advances on the Study of Marine Fish Eggs and Larvae 14 JUNE to 3 JULY, 1989 ICAR CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE Dr. SALIM ALI ROAD COCHIN-682 031. m CMFRl/Sl/1989/Th.VII TERMINOLOGY OF THE E;\RLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF MARINE FISHES II ill iir I • I I . I By P, Bensam Principal Scientist (Ceptral |yiarir^ eJ4l^ ^^ ^^  Researgf^ |p^t^1:Mte, pochin) A perusal of literature shows that over the years various authors have used different terminologies for the various early developmental .stages or, phases of marine fishes. Some of these authors ares Hubbs (1943), Jones (1950), Ahlstrom and Counts (1955), Ahlstrom (1968 b) and Balon (1971, 1976). From all these papers, four principal phases are recognisable, which are; (a) Egg (b) Larva (c) P^^tlarva and (d) Ju'&enile. (s) JiSSl "^^^^ tern egg is applied to the stage from the time of fertilisation to the one at which the embryo hatcnes out of the chorion (egg capsule). The egg stage is characterised by an exclusively endogenous nutrition from the yolk of the ovum, Balon 1976) has divided the egg stage into three phages, viz., cleavage phase, embryonic phase and eleutheroembryonic phases. It may be noted in this connection that as per the definition given.by Balen (1976), the eleutheroembryonic phase commences only with hatching and is not a phase undergone within the egg. Hence, the inclusion of this phase as part of the egg life is highly questionable. On the other hand Ahlstrom and Counts (1955) have divided the egg or embryonic, period into three stages, i.e,(i) the early egg, from' fertilisation to closure of blastophore, (ii) the Lddle egg, from the closure of blastophore to the o o-a. o 3 Q) H ?r Q) t + <D a c* (0 n 3 H-3 Q) c+ H-O 3 • H-J 3 -H« (A H» W CT 0) o QJ C (A <D Q, H -H , H , (D H \ • ' ^ \ = 5 c+ 0) Q-C I— ct-e*-3 * (D T5 O « rt-!-• 0) H < m I - ' m ro j a c fD 3 O (D O H> a (0 < fD t - -O T3 3 fD 3 C+ 3 * o (n D O 0) 3 -a> H T5 V--• < t+ i" h -a> 4 < 0) t -•o fD H »-»• O a *• H ' 3 c+ 3" fO < OJ 0) H-3 cu l _ l . o H H ' t + •-< O H , 3 QJ H H-3 fO H) H-CO 3 " fO (0 0) ei-H-(D 3 e+ »-•• O 3 c+ O H-3 -fD H i Q) O H-fD < fD. H CO H-3 o fD £+ 3 * fD e+ fD y H-? flj <+ H-O 3 o H , fD «+ O • < H-a ro CD CD H-(i> 3 .^^ -^ vO - J o • — ' • ca c f + 33 C CO <n fD M h -<-^ —* vO --3 O > w ^ Q. 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H" QJ H < 0) -fD • X c cr cr CO -^-^  . - iv vO ^ CA) Sa C-l o 3 CD CA H-3-^ fD fD • < (D CO QJ M fD tJ H ' tQ 3 (D 3 c+ CD a « Q) CO S fl> CA "a CD H» H-3 CD a cr >< CD Q) H M -< S O H 5C (D N CA C 3 rt-H> H* e+ 3* fD • * < O I - " ?r H* CO OJ cr CA O H cr fD a • ^ c+ 3 * (D 3 o c f + 3 " H» CA H , O H g fO a Q) 3 a ro 3 cr H .•< o p f * f> T3 •<D H VfuT*' 'o ; Q . H> H O 3 r+ 3 -fO r+ H« 3 fD •6 H> r r • tu . <+ o 3 " H* 3 "^ b 3 S M f i Q . CA n QJ H < Q» OO H 3 * fD c+ fD H 3 M QJ H < QJ H> CO iQ <D 3 CD t 1 Q) t— t - " -< C CA (t) Q. H> o H c+ 3 * fD •a o CO H-1 CA 3 " c * (D C 3 Q. O H-- fD fD CA Q) • H fD QJ . Q . Q j T3 c+ fD a H j O H rt-3 -fD ' T 5 . C H •o O CO fO o H i r l -3 * fD TS H fD CA CD 3 r+-3 O »-• O iQ H-CD CA H> o. H C+ 3 * fD CD ^Q iQ T3 fD H H-O Q. QJ H fD x> c H« r t -fD O Q> 3 H-3 O H-3 i Q OJ 3 a o 3 cr H • < O 3 H . f 1 Q» X H-CA c+ O t + 3 -CD c+ H* 3 fD O " H , 3 -QJ rt-O 3 -h" 3 a • H 3 * fD CO fO ct-fD H 3 H-1 fD O iQ <• H> H O 3 el-s ' o H-H-3 CD el-s' fD t + QJ H* . ' • > - ' H ' CA O C H < CD a QJ S QJ -< H i H O 3 el-s ' CD I - -QJ c+ fD H QJ (-• l-« • < H> H O 3 c*-3 -fD fD 3 cr t-j •< o • 3 H-O QJ X H ' CO QJ 3 •a. •^^ H ' H -H* • > — ' c^ 3 -fD 1 - ' QJ c-*-fD <+ H-3 fD S 3 - ; (D 3 c+ 3 * fD • H-CJ H-t-" cr fD ; ^Q / 1 H- ro 3 1 CO c+ o CO fD T5 QJ H cu r l -CD QJ 3 a . o c H < fD CA -3-characters such as the numbers of fin rays or vertebrae are already developed before the fish has lost other larval characteristics such as pigmentation pattern. Russell (1976) further emphasises the fact that in view.of the above reason it is Impossible to determine a point at which the fish definitely becomes a juvenile. In view of this reason, Russell (1976) states that the term "postlarva" can be applied to the stage from the termination of the larval stage during which there is a sequence of development to juvenile stage. The use of the term "prejuvenile" in a broad sense by certain authors has been crtised by Ahlstrom (1968 b) who points out that it can be used only in a narrower sense to certain strikingly modified or specialised pelagic life history stages possessed by only a few fishes such as Tholichthyes stages of Chactodontids, Rhynchichthys stages of Holocentrids etc. and can not be applied to the early develop-mental stages of marine teleosts. Within the postlarval phase of development, three principal stages are reckoned by Moser and Ahlstrom (1970^, Ahlstfom _et £l (1976) and Moser et ai. (1977). These stages are associated with the development of the caudal fin and its supporting elements, before, during and after the upward flexing of the posterior tip of the notochord, which are termed as (i) Preflexion, (ii) Flexion and (iii) Post flexion stages in the postlarval development. Of these three stages the postflexion stage is of longest duration, leading to juvenile stage, (d) Juvenile; As per the considerations observed in the previous section, during postlarval development one or the *other early developmental characters still persist while some characters resembling those of the adults have formed. In other words', during -4-juvenile phase of development also the specimens may differ from adults. For instance although in general body form and in meristic characters the developing stage may resemble the adults, in details of morpho-metric proportions and pigmentation (colouration) it may show a marked diffoyence. Hence, juvenile phase of development in vast majority of marine teleosts also may not have a sharply marked termination at an early size or age. But, developmental processess of certain characters may be delayed till the specimen becomes older and reaches a fairly large size. In view of.this reason, the term juvenile for most teleosts may be said to be defined as the stage at which the specimen has developed all the vital meristic characters and general morphbmetric and pigmentation pattern. References Ahlstromv-E.H. 1968 b Review, Development of Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay Region, An Atlas of Egg, Larval and Juvenile Fishes, Part I. Copeia^ 1968 (3)5 648-651. Ahlstrom, E.H. and R.C. Counts 1955 Eggs and larvae of the Pacific hake Merluccius productus. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv.. 56; 295-329. Ahlstrom, E.H., J.L. Butler and B.Y. Sumida 1976 Pelagic stromateoid fishes (Pisces, Perciformes) of the Eastern Pacific; ,Kinds, distribution and early life histories and observations on five of these from the Northwest Atlantic. Bull. Mar. Sci.. 26 (3); 285-401. Balon, E.K. .1971 The intervals of early fish develop-ment and their terminology (a review and proposals). Vest. Cesk. Spol. Zool.. 35; 1-18. -5-Balon, E.K. 1976 a Terminology of intervals in fish development. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada. 32 (9): 1663-1670. Hubbs, C.L. 1943 Terminology of early stages of fishes. Copeia. 1943 (4): 260. Jones, S, 1950 A note on the terminology of'the early developmental stages of fishes. J^ Zool. Soc India^ 2 (1): 39-41. -Moser, H.G. and E.H. Ahlstrom 1970 Development of lantern fishes (Family Myctophidae) in the , California Current Pt.I. Species with narrow-eyed larvae. Bull. Los Angeles City Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. 7. Moser, H.G., E;H. Ahlstrom and E.M. Sandknop 1977. Guide to the identification of scorpion fish larvae (Family Scorpcenidae) in the Eastern Pacific with comparative notes on species of Sebastes and Helecolenus from other Oceans. M 0 A A Techn. Rep. N M F S, Circ. 402. Russell, F.S, 1976 The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. Academic Press, London. 

Terminology of the early developmental stages of marine fishes

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Terminology of the early developmental stages of marine fishes

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