The present paper deals with some important biochemical components such at proteins,

carbohydrates and lipids of 33 marina algae, growing abundantly on the coast of Ramanathapuram

District-

Tha results indicated that the green algae (Chlorophyceae) has the maximum of protein

content ranging from 6 to 25.8%, next in order comes the brown algae (Phaeophyceae)

with 13 13 16 8% followed b/ red algae (Rhodophyceae) with 1.5 to 8,8!%. The range of

carbohydrate content was from 0,3 to 11.6% in green algae, 33 to 24 9% in brown algae

and 1.8 to 570% in red algae. The lipid content ranged from 0.6 to 8.6% in green algae,

0.5 to 3.7% in brown algae and 0.4 to 6.1% in red algae.

The results of the study give an Insight into the biochemical content of the algal

species studied could be used to decide their suitability for the formulation of feed to fishes

in aquaculture and to other animals

Chennubhotla, V S Krishnamurthy

Kaliaperumal, N

Najmuddin, M

Ramalingam, J R

CMFRI Digital Repository

CMFRI bulletin 44 Part Two MARCH 1990 NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN MARINE FISHERIES MANDAPAM CAMP 16-18 September 1987 Papers Presented Sessions III & IV CENTRAL M A R I N E FISHERIES RESEARCH I N S T I T U T E ( Indian Counci l o f Agr icu l tu ra l Research) P. B. No . 2 7 0 4 , E. R.'G. Road, C o c h l n - 6 8 2 0 3 1 , India * * c w o .^^ ^Wies ^ 40 YEADS % S CMFRI bulletin 44 Part Two MARCH 1990 40 9 or. " YEADS NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN MARINE FISHERIES MANDAPAM CAMP I6-I8 September 1987 Papers Presented Sessions I I I & IV CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) P. B. No. 2704, E. R. G. Road, Cochin-6 82 0 3 1 , India Bulletins are issued periodically by Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute to interpret current knowledge in the various fields of research on marine fisheries and allied subjects in India. Copyright Reterved ® Published by Dr. P. S. B. R. JAMES Director Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute E. R. G. Road Cochin-682 031, India Editorial Committee Dr K ALAGARSWAMI Dr K ALAGARAJA Shri M S MUTHU Dr K J MATHEW Dr N GOPINATHA MENON Limited Circulation BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME MARINE ALGAE FROM MANDAPAM COAST. TAMIL NADU V.SK. Chennubhotia, M. Najmuddin, J.R. Ramalingam and N. Kaliaperumal Centra/ Marina Fisharias Research Institute, Coctiin-31 ABSTRACT The present paper d^als with SQITI} irnportant bioshstiiol components such at prptelns, carbihydrat^s and lipids of 33 marina algae, grojving abundantly on the coast of Ramanathapu-ram District-Tha results indicated that the green algae (Chlorophyceae) has the maximum of protein content ranginj fro-n S 4 t i 2^-i\, naxE in order comes the brown algae (Phaeophyceae) with 13 13 16 8% falloArsd b/ red algia (Ftnidojhyjaae) with 1.5 to 8,8!^. The range of carbohydrate content was from 0,3 to 11.6% in green algae, 3 3 to 24 9% in brown algae and 1.8 to 570% in red algae. The lipid content ranged from 0.6 to 8.6% in green algae, 0.5 to 3.7% in brown algae and 0.4 to 6.1% in red algae. The results of the study give an Insight into the biochemical content of the algal species studied could be used to decide their suitability for the formulation of feed to fishes in aquaculturs and to other animals. INTRODUCTION The importance of marine algae as a source of phytochemicals such as agar-agar, algin and carrageenan and their use as food, fertilizer, manure and pharmaceutical compounds has brought a new awareness in many countries. In recent years, studies were carried out on their chemical com-position and also on the properties of their important biochemical products. As a result, some of algal spacias have been reported to be good alternative sources of aminoacids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and mine-rals (Hoppe, 1979 and Pillai, 1956). The occurrence of aminoacids like methionine and triptophane not available in other vegetables was also reported (Lewis, 1967). The marine algal resources of India can be termed as moderately rich (Mich-anek, 1975) and at present Gelidielia acerosa and species of Gracilaria, Sargassum and Turbinaria are being harvested for the 442 CMFRI commercial production of agar-agar and sodi-um alginate. Surveys conducted in recent years along the coast of Gujarat (Chauhan and Krishnamurthy, 1968; Bhanderi and Trivedi, 1975; Sreenivasa Rao et a/.. 1964 and Chauhan and Mairh, 1978). Tamil Nadu (Anon, 1978), Goa (Untawale and Ohargalkar, 1975) Maharashtra (Untawale ef«/., 1979;, Lakshadweep (Anon, 1979) and Kerala (.Chennubhotia ef a/., 1987) indicated that there is a very good resource of mar-ina algae at several places along the Indian coast. As per the reports available a total of 680 marine algae occur in Indian waters (Anon, 1d87). The Tamil Nadu coast espe-cially the one from Rameswaram to Cola-chel has luxuriant growth of marine algae where 22,044 tonnes of algae (fresh weight) is expected to ba present over an area of l 7 , U o ha iSubbaramaiah et «/., 1979). Considering the availability of algae and the contribution of marine algae as food, an attempt has been made to study their important biochemical composition in order to decide their suitability tor the formula-tion of feed for fishes in aquacultura and to other animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seaweeds comprising 16 green algae (Chlorophyceae), 7 brown algae (Phaeoph-yceae) and 10 red algae (Rhodophyceae) were collected from the intertidal area of Rameswaram, Pamban, Pudumadam and Kilakarai located on the coast of Ramana-thapuram District along the Gulf of Mannar. The fresh weeds were washed thoroughly with distilled water, moisture removed by using blotting paper and dried up in an oven at 70°C to constant weight. The loss In weight was taken into account for the determination of water content. The dried plants were powdered using mortar and pestle. The total carbohydrate content was estimated by the method of Dubois et al. (1956). The protein was determtned by the method of Lowry et al. (1931). The crude liquid was extracted in soxhiet apparatus by using the mixture of chloroform and methanol (2:10/v) and estimated gravimetrically as described by Krishnamoorthy et al. (1980) RESULTS Proteins: As shown in Table 1, the data indicate that the green algae had high amount of protein compared to other algal groups. It fluctuated between 6.9 and 25.8% among the green algae. The protein content in brown algae varied bet-ween 13.0% and 16.6%, Among the red algae the protein content ranged from 1.5 to 8.8%. Carbohydrate: Among the three algal groups analysed, brown and red algae had higher carbohydrate content and green algae had lesser content. The carbohydrate co-ntent in the brown algae ranged from 3.3 to 24.9%. Among the red algae while Gel/die/la acerosa (57.0%) had maximum quantity of carbohydrate the minimum con-tent was found in Jania rubans (1.8%) and Centrocsras clavulatum (4.8%). Lipid: In green algae, the lipid content ranged from 0.5 to 8.6%, in brown algae from 0.5 to 3.7% and in red algae from 0.4to 6 .1%. DISCUSSION Biochemical studies on algal protein. Peptides and free aminoacids were made extensively by Lewis (1962 and 1963). While reviwing his studies he pointed out that the Indian marine algae have all the essential aminoacids needed in human diet. In India much attention has been paid on commercially important carbohydrate such as agar and sodium alginate and very few studies made on other biochemical products such algal proteins and vitamins. Parekh and Visweswara Rao (1964) recommended a method to extract protein in bulk quantity from the green alga, Ulva rigida and Subbaramaiah (1976) studied on vitamins present in algae. Dave et al. (1977) assessed the possibility of BULLETIN 44 443 Table 1 . Biocfiamicai composition of soawaads {Dry weigfit basis) 1. 2. 3. 4-5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Name of alga CHLOROPHYCEAE Enteromorptia compressa Uiva lactuca U. reticuiate Chiaetomorpha antennina C. linum Cladophora sp. Caulerpa peltata C. racemosa var. macrophysa C .scalpelliformis C. taxifoiia C. sertuiarioides Valoniopsis pact)ynema Bryopsis piumosa tiajimeda gracilis Ciadopiioropsis zoilingari Codium decorticatum PHAEOPHYCEAE Sargassum wightil S. myriocystum S. ilicifolium Stoactiospermum marginatum Hormoptiysa triquatra Padina gymnospora Turbinaria conoides RHODOPHYCEAE Jania rubens Centroceras ciavulatum Hypnea vaientiaa Gracllaria edulis G. corticata G. crassa Grateioupia iithophila Gelidieila acerosa Acanthophora spicifera Laurencia papillosa Water content /o 91.4 87.3 79.4 89.1 90.2 79.1 89.4 96.4 88.9 89.2 81.6 84.3 72.8 44.8 51.9 89.6 80.4 64.4 70.6 79.6 61.0 71.3 72.4 39.4 66.9 87.5 85.5 79.3 88.4 72.0 86.8 86.1 87.9 Protein % 23.8 25.8 24.4 19.7 16.7 9.2 24.4 24.8 25.2 23.6 22.7 18.8 19.2 least 10.3 6.9 16.3 15-6 15.1 14.9 16.6 13.0 15.2 1.5 3.8 6.1 3.9 6.1 4.3 6.8 8.8 4.8 4.3 Carbohydrate % 6.2 8.7 11.6 6.4 7.6 6.6 1.3 8.7 10.7 9.7 9.9 2.5 10.1 least 0.3 10>0 24.9 23.8 24.0 15.4 3.3 13.2 14.0 1.8 4.8 37.8 45.8 45.5 30.4 36.9 57.0 29.7 11.6 Lipid % 6.1 5.2 5.3 8 6 8.1 6.5 1.6 0.8 7.6 4,1 4.6 0.7 2.0 least 0.5 4.2 1.2 0.5 1.1 3.7 0.6 1.3 3.6 0.4 3.4 6.1 2.4 6.0 0.9 0.7 3.6 0.5 0.6 444 CMFRI seaweeds to be used as a supplementary animal feed. The seaweed meal prepared from Sargassum and the results of its feeding trials on chicks, sheep and cattle are given by Dave et al. (1979). The stu-dy was mainly to find out tha effect of algal-feed on the body weight of the animals. Seaweeds are also widely used for human consumption and they are eaten as salad, curry, soup or vegetables in many countries (Chapman and Chapman, 1980). Some of the edible seaweeds occurring in India are Ulva, Enteromorpha, Chaetomorpha, Caulerpa, Gracilaria etc. (Umamaheswara Rao, 1973). On viewing the ever growing demand for proteinaceous food for human consu. mption and for other purposes, it is nece-ssary to properly utilize this non-conventio-nal resources. The present study revealed that seaweeds like Ulva lactuca, U. retic-ulata, species of Caulerpa. Hypnea valantiae and species of Sargassum which are avai-lable abundantly along our coastline could be used as additional sources of protein and carbohydrate. REFERENCES ANON, 1978. A report on survey of marine algal resources of Tamil Nadu (^97^-^6)Publ. central Salt Q Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhav-nagar. 1-137-ANON, 1979. A report on survey of marina algal resources of Lakshadweep (1977-79). Publ. Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar. 1-48. ANON, 1987. Seaweed research and utili-sation in India. CMFRI Bulletin 41: 1-116. BHANOERI. P. P. andY. A. TRIVEDI. 1975. Seaweed resources of Hanumandandi reef and Vumani reef near Okha Port. Indian J, Mar. Scl., 4 (1): 97-99. CHAPMAN, V. J. AND D. J, CHAPMAN. 1980. Seaweeds and their uses. Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 62-97. CHAUHAN, V. D. 1978. Report on the survey of marine algae resources of Maharashtra coast. Salt Res. Ind., 14 (1): 1-10. CHAUHAN, V.D. AND V. KRISHNANMURTHY. 1968. An estimate of aigin bearing seaweeds in the Gulf of kutch. Curr. Scl., 37:648. CHAUHAN, V. D. AND 0. P. MAIRH. 1978. Report on the survey of marine algae resources of Sourashtra coast, India. Salt Res. Ind., /4 (2): 21-41. CHENNUBHOTLA, V. S. K., B. S. RAMACHA-NDRUDU, P. KALADHARAN AND S. K. DHARMARAJA. 1987. Sea-weed resources of Kerala. Seminar on Fisheries Research and Deve-lopment in Kerala, Trivandrum, April 87. DAVE, M. J., S. K. GARG AND E. R. R. IYENGAR. 1977. Assessment of the possibility of seaweeds to ba utilized as supplementary animal feed. Salt Res. Ind. 75(1 &2): 33-40. DAVE, M. J., S. K. GARG, R. G. PAREKH AND D.J. METHA. 1979. Prepar-ation of seaweed meal for the feed-ing of farm animals. Salt Res. Ind., 15[,1): 34-38. DUBOIS, M., K. A. GILLS, J. K. HAMIL-TON, P.A. ROBER AND F. SMITH-1956. Coiorimetric method determi-ation sugars and related substan-ces. Anal. Chem., 28:350. HOPPE, H.A. 1979. Marina algae and their products and constituents in phar-macy. In Marine algae in pharma-ceutical science. Ed. Hoppe, H.A. and T. Levring Publ. Walter Da Gruyter, Berlin, New York. 25-119. BULLETIN 44 445 KRISHNAMOORTHY, R. V., G. J . LAKSHMI, PATRICIA BIESIOT AND A. VENK-ATARAMAIAH. 1980. Seasonal vari-ations in sterol content of the oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), from natural reefs in the Mississippi Sound. Indian J. Mar. Sci, 5 ( 1 ) : 10-14. LEWIS, E.J. 1962. Studies on the proteins, peptides and free aminoacid conte-nts in sonDe species of brown algae from southeastern coast of India. Rev. Algol., 6: 209-216. LEWIS, E.J . 1953. Studies on the proteins, peptides and free aminoacid conte-nts in some species of red algae from southeasterm coast of India. Proc natl. Scl. India, 29: 137-145. LEWIS, E .J . 1967. A review ot protein, peptides and free aminoacid contents of Indian marine algae. Proc. Semi. Sea Salt and Plants, Publ. Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar. 296-308. LOWRY, 0 . H., M. J . ROSEBROUGH, A.L. FARR AND R.J. RANDALL. 1951, Protein measurement w i th Fol in-ph-enol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. , 193: 265-275. MICHANEK, G. 1975. Seaweed resources of the Ocean. F. A. 0. Fish. Tech. Rep. . 138: 1-126. PAREKH, R G. AND A. VISWESWARA RAO. 1964. Extraction of bulk proteins from the green seaweed Ulva rigida. Indian J. Tech.. 2: 387. PILLAI, V.K. 1956. Chemical studies on Indian seaweeds I. Mineral consti t-uents. Proc. Ir]dian acad. Sci, B.44: 3-29. SREENIVASA RAO, P.. E.R.R. IYENGAR AND F. THIVY. 1964. Survey of aigin bearing seaweeds of Adatra reef OI<ha. Curr. Sci.. 33: 464-465. SUBBARAMAIAH, K. 19o7, Ascorbic acid content and growth in Ulva fascials Delile. Phykos, 6; 115-117. SUBBARAMAIAH, K., K. RAMA RAO, M. R. P. NAIR, C. V. S. KRISHNAMURTHY AND M. PARAMASIVAM. 1979. Marine algal resources of Tamil Nadu. Proc. Int. Symp. Marine algae of the Indian Ocean Region, Central Salt & Marina Chemicals Research Institute, Bhav-nagar, Indian. P- 14 (Abstract) UMAMAHESWARA RAO, M. 1973. The seawe-ed potential of the seas around India. Proc. Symp. on Living Resources of the Seas Around India (1968). 687-692. UNTAWALE, A. G. AND V. K. DHAR3ALKAR. 1975. Report on the seaweed resources of the Goa coast, NIO Publ., Dona Paula, 1-10. UNTAWALE, A. G., V. K. DHARGALKAR, V. V. AGADl AND T. G. JAGTAP. 1979. Marine algal resources of Maharashtra coast. Tech. Report Natl. Inst, of Oceanography, Goa. 1-48. 446 CMFRI 

Biochemical composition of some marine algae

from Mandapam coast, Tamil Nadu

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Biochemical composition of some marine algae from Mandapam coast, Tamil Nadu

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