SFT Meeting in Skierniewice (Polen 27-28 maart 2009) over de fruitteelt in Nederland en de aanwezigheid van pseudomonas syringae in fruitgewasse

Beuningen, A.R., van

Janse, J.D.

Wenneker, M.

English

Name not available

Occurence of Pseudomonas Syrengae pathovars in stone fruits in the Netherlands and availability of strains from different hosts of this pathogen

Wageningen Yield 

Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars 
in stone fruits in the Netherlands
and availability of strains from different hosts of this pathogen
Dr. Jaap D. Janse, Dept of Laboratory Methods and 
Diagnostics, Dutch General Inspection Service, 
PO Box 1115, 8300 BC Emmeloord, The Netherlands (jjanse@nak.nl)
EU-COST 873 Project 
Stone Fruit and Nut Health
STF Meeting
at Res. Inst. Pomology and Floriculture, 
Skierniewice, Poland
‘Determination of the incidence of the 
different pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae
in stone fruits’, 27-28 March 2008 
• Fruit production developed strongly since 1875, 
mainly in area between rivers Rijn and Waal 
(area called Betuwe) with standard trees of 
apple, pear and cherry. On clay soils with grass.
• Cherries already in area Kromme Rijn river in 
17th century
• Up till 1960 cherry very important (especially 
Betuwe), up to 5000 ha
• Now: 
- apple 9500 ha
- pear 7000 ha
- cherry and sour cherry 700 ha
- plum 300 ha
Some data on stone fruit production in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Reason reduction of plum and cherry in sixties of 
last century:
- too labour intensive (all standard tree orchards)
- bird damage
• Peach and almond under glass almost 
dissappeared, usually found as solitary trees near 
farms and in private gardens (frost risks)
• Fruit production 620 million kg – 335 million euro, 
10% of agribusiness, 34.000 employed, 1.5% of 
culturable land
• Transit fruits: 3 billion kg fruits imported, 2.5 
billion kg re-exported
Some data on stone fruit production in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
Cherry
• Increasing cultivation, from 500-700 ha in past few 
years, 25 ha under glass
• Change from standard trees to small trees and weak 
rootstocks, intensive cultivation (c. 1500-2500 
trees/ha), other varieties and (plastic) rain 
protection, better bird protection
• Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) varieties Regina, 
Lapins, Kordia, Merchant with Limburgse boskriek 
(P. avium), Gisela 5 and Colt as rootstocks
• Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) mainly Kelleris and 
Morel with Limburgse boskriek as rootstock)
Some data on stone fruit production in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
Plum
• Increasing cultivation, from 200-300 ha in past 
few years
• Change from standard trees to weak rootstocks, 
intensive cultivation (c. 1500 trees/ha), other 
varieties (smaller tree varieties)
• Common varieties Reine Victoria, Opal and to a 
lesser extent Jubileum and Bleu de Belgique 
with VVA-1 (Russia), St-Julien A and Ferlenain 
as rootstocks
Some data on stone fruit production in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
Some data on stone fruit production in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae originally 
described from lilac (Syringa vulgaris) blight in 
the Netherlands in 1902 by van Hall (Van Hall, 
C.J.J., 1902. Thesis).
• Note: P. mors-prunorum was originally 
described as cause of a die-back disease in 
plums by Wormald in 1932 (Wormald, H., 1932. 
J. Min. Agric., London 39: 208-217
• Both pathogens known as pathogens in stone 
fruits in the Netherlands since 1937-1940.
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
Some remarks on history of bacterial canker of stone fruits 
(Pseudomonas syringae pv. mors-prunorum or Pmp and 
P. s. pv.syringae or Pss) in the Netherlands
• Pmp reported in stone fruit in 1937 (van Poeteren 
N, Verslagen. Plzk Dienst 87, 1937), peach and 
cherry under glass in 1947 (Van Koot, Y, 
Mededelingen Directie Tuinbouw 1947, 619-634).
• Bacterial canker (mainly Pmp) became a problem 
in stone fruits in the 1950’s.
• Extensively studied in plum, cherry and peach 
(Fuchs A, Grosjean J, Krythe JM, Reijenga W 
(1957) Tijdschrift over Plantenziekten 63, 33-44.
Some remarks on history of bacterial canker of stone fruits 
(Pseudomonas syringae pv. mors-prunorum or Pmp and 
P. s. pv.syringae or Pss) in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Plum variety Ontario and sweet cherry variety 
Early Rivers were found most susceptible.
• Prunus avium more susceptible than P. cerasus.
• Some of their strains (Pmp and Pss) still in 
international collections:
ICPPB New Zealand, JM Young
3712 a Prunus avium (L.) L. - cherry. Netherlands 1953. From J.M. Young 
1731A ² NCPPB 624 ² A. Fuchs F3 - LOPAT Ib.=Pmp
3976 a Prunus avium (L.) L. - sweet cherry. Netherlands 1955. From NCPPB 
617 ² P. Matthews ² A. Fuchs F18. = Pmp
3682 Prunus sp. From J.M. Young 1712A1 ² NCPPB 625 ² A. Fuchs F17 -
LOPAT Ia. = Pss
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
Some remarks on history of bacterial canker of stone fruits 
(Pseudomonas syringae pv. mors-prunorum or Pmp and 
P. s. pv.syringae or Pss) in the Netherlands
• In cherry bacterial canker is present at low level, 
known problem
• In plum increasing problem, especially in young, 
vigourously growing trees on weak rootstocks. 
Sometimes 50% of trees infected
• Symptoms: yellowing of leaves, canker 
formation on trunk and larger branches, gum 
formation and eventual death of branches or 
whole tree.
• No investigation yet into virulence of strains
Present situation of bacterial canker of stone fruits
in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
Present situation of bacterial canker of stone fruits
in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
Symptoms in young plum trees: yellowing
Victoria on 
VVA-1, 
1.5 ha in 
N.Holland 
2nd year in 
production 
field
Present situation of bacterial canker of stone fruits
in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
Symptoms in young plum trees: canker formation and gumming
Present situation of bacterial canker of stone fruits
in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
Symptoms in young plum trees: canker formation 
• Rootstock often remains healthy
• Both Pss and (to a lesser extent) Pmp isolated 
from this material
• Pmp is more common in cherry, as found in 
Belgium
• In many cases growers do not send samples to 
the laboratory – for them a known problem, 
however the situation in intensive plum 
cultivation becomes alarming – like in Germany 
Austria and Switzerland
Present situation of bacterial canker of stone fruits
in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Control measures advised in NL:
1. Cultivation measures at planting site, such 
as optimal water household, cover of soil 
with organic material.
2. Careful pruning with disinfection of pruning 
tools between trees
3. Removal/burning of severely infected trees
Prophylactic sprays with copper or antibiotics 
not allowed anymore
Present situation of bacterial canker of stone fruits
in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Strains of Pmp have not been identified to race 
level in NL. Differentiation of Pss and Pmp on 
basis of biochemical tests, fatty acids analysis 
and serology.
• P.s. pv. persicae, pv. cerasicola and pv. avii, P. 
amygdali, X. a. pv. pruni have never been 
detected in the Netherlands till so far.
• The quarantine pathogen X.a. pv. pruni could 
pose a risk when climatic changes towards 
higher temperatures will persist and when new 
cherry varieties on weak rootstocks are grown 
under cover.
Present situation of bacterial canker of stone fruits
in the Netherlands
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Recent isolates Pmp (from 2003)
- Prunus domestica PD4691, 4800, 5026, 
5159, 5187, 5188, 5313, 5315, 5329-5331
- Prunus avium PD 4495, 5128, 5325, 
- Prunus spec. PD5106
• Recent isolates Pss (from 2003)
- Pyrus PD 4755 
- Prunus domestica PD5439
- Prunus avium PD 5061
• Furthermore isolates from Plumbago auriculata (= P.capensis), 
Plumbaginaceae , Rosa multiflora, Raphanus sativus, Diascia 
(Scrophulariaceae)
Strains of Pss and Pmp in the Dutch (PD) Culture 
Collection
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Isolates of Pss  from 1977-2003
- Pyrus PD 292, 1777, 1818, 
- Malus PD 208, 413, 1143, 1176, 1184, 
- Malus bonsai PD883 
- Prunus armeniaca PD3358
- Prunus cerasus PD2926
- Prunus triloba PD 342, 389, 1089, 
- Prunus species PD 564, 880
Strains of Pss and Pmp in the Dutch (PD) Culture 
Collection 
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Furthermore Pss isolates from:
Ageratum spec. (Compositae)
Amalanchier canadensis
Anethum graveolens (Umbelliferae)
Antirrhinum spec. (Scrophulariaceae)
Apium graveolens (Umbelliferae)
Astilbe (Saxifragaceae),
Bellis (Asteraceae)
Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
Chaenomelis umblicatum
Cichorium intybus (Compositae), 
Strains of Pss and Pmp in the Dutch (PD) Culture 
Collection 
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Furthermore isolates from:
Citrus ‘kumquat’ (Rutaceae)
Cornus canadensis, C. nutali, C. sanguinea
(Cornaceae)
Cotoneaster spp.
Crataegus monogyna
Cydonia spec.
Delphinium spec. (Ranunculaceae)
Dianthus caryophyllus (Caryophyllaceae)
Eranthus hyematis (Ranunculaceae)
Euonymus (Celastracae)
Strains of Pss and Pmp in the Dutch (PD) Culture 
Collection 
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Furthermore isolates from:
Forsythia intermedia (Oleaceae)
Fraxinus excelsior (Oleaceae)
Ilex spec. (Aquifoliaceae)
Impatiens (Balsaminaceae)
Limonium spec. (Plumbaginaceae)
Lonicera spec. (Caprifoliaceae)
Mahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceae)
Mespilus germanica
Philadelphus spec. (Hydrangeaceae)
Photinia davidiana
Strains of Pss and Pmp in the Dutch (PD) Culture 
Collection 
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Furthermore isolates from:
Pisum sativum
Populus (Salixaceae)
Primula (Primulaceae)
Pyracantha
Rosa
Skimmia japonica (Rutaceae)
Sorbus intermedia
Sprekelia formosissina (Amaryllidaceae)
Syringa vulgaris (Oleaceae)
Strains of Pss and Pmp in the Dutch (PD) Culture 
Collection 
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
• Furthermore isolates from:
Valeriana locusta (Valerianaceae)
Vaccinium spec. (Ericaceae)
Violoa spec. (Violaceae). 
Strains of Pss and Pmp in the Dutch (PD) Culture 
Collection 
EU-COST 873 STF Meeting Skierniewice, Poland, 27-28 March 2008 
With co-operation of:
M. Wenneker, Applied Plant Research, Unit Fruit, PO Box 200, Zetten, NL
A. Van Beuningen, Plant Protection Service, PO Box 9102, Wageningen, NL


Occurence of Pseudomonas Syrengae pathovars in stone fruits in the Netherlands and availability of strains from different hosts of this pathogen

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