Hidjah, D.

Jatikusumah, A.

Nell, A.J.

English

Wageningen Yield 

Annex 5.1 
 
SEASONAL IMPACT ON HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA (HPAI) CASES IN CHICKENS 
COMING TO POULTRY COLLECTING FACILITIES (PCFS) IN JAKARTA 
 
1A Jatikusumah, , 2C. Basri , 1Sunandar,  3Deswarni, 4D. Hidjah 
 
1Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies,  
Jl. RSAU No. 4. Atang Sandjaja, Semplak, Bogor 16000 
2Laboratorium Epidemiologi, Bagian Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner . Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, 
Institut Pertanian Bogor. 
Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga. Bogor 16000 
3Balai Pengujian Kesehatan Hewan dan Ikan Provinsi Provinsi DKI Jakarta 
Jl. Ragunan, Jakarta Selatan 
4Dinas Kelautan dan Pertanian Provinsi DKI Jakarta 
Jl. Gunung Sahari Raya XI No.11 Jakarta Pusat  
 
Keywords: season, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), poultry collecting facilities (PCFs) 
 
Introduction 
In December 2003, an incursion of a highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus strain occurred 
in Indonesia. Although control measures were implemented to a limited scale yet the virus kept spreading 
and the country is now considered to be endemically infected. It is assumed that Poultry Collecting 
Facilities (PCFs), as media for AI transmission between flocks and to humans, is one of the factors 
causing the virus to spread.  Every day, hundreds of batches of broilers and spent layers arrive at PCFs 
for further trade. Indonesia, a tropical country with two seasonal climates, could possibly have increased 
development of pathogen or parasitic organisms due to higher or warm temperate in all year round 
(Harvell et al., 2002). Moreover, high humidity in tropical countries may lead to the survival of pathogens 
sensitive to moist or dry conditions. However, the pattern of AI cases related with the dry and rainy 
season in the PCFs is still unclear. Hopefully, this information might help develop better control measures 
for these facilities. 
 
Method 
 
The study design is cross sectional. The study was conducted for 11 months starting from April 2009 until 
March 2010 in 40 PCFs in Jakarta. PCFs were observed and sampled for 10 months only, from 21 April 
to 21 September 2009 (month 1 to 5) and from 22 October 2009 until 27 March 2010 (month 7 to 10). 
Sampling was not conducted in month 6 because there was another surveillance activity using a different 
method. Each PCF was observed and sampled for a week for each observation period (10 weeks), 
therefore in a year each PCF was observed for 4 weeks in 4 different observation periods. Samples were 
collected from each batch of chickens coming to PCFs, prioritized on sick or dead birds. Healthy birds 
were sampled when there was not any sick or dead bird. The sample collected was tracheal swabs, taken 
from 10 birds per batches with a maximum of 10 batches sampled per day. A batch is defined as one 
poultry delivery from one farm in one day to one PCF. Tracheal swab samples were tested with Reverse 
Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to detect H5 HPAI virus antigens. Data collected 
was analyzed descriptively. The study also tested the association between different seasons and AI 
cases detected in PCFs using the t-test. 
   
Result and Discussion 
The study detected HPAI in all 10 months of observation (Figure 1). In the first month (21 April 2009 to 21 
May 2009), 5 of 174 batches sampled (2.87%) were found infected by AI. In the second month (22 May 
2009 to 21 June 2009), 5 more batches were found infected, but from a total of 196 batches (2.55%). The 
total number of HPAI infected batches detected in 10 months observation is shown in Table 1.  
 
 
  
 
Tabel.1. Total Number of HPAI Infected Batches by Month 
 
Time Month Positive Batch Total Batch 
Percentage 
Infected 
Batch 
Note 
21 April 2009-21 May 2009 1 5 174 2.874 Rain to Dry 
22 May 2009-21 June 2009 2 5 196 2.551 Dry 
22 June 2009-21 July 2009 3 2 160 1.250 Dry 
22 July 2009-21 August 2009 4 2 180 1.111 Dry 
22 August 2009-21 September 2009 5 7 162 4.321 Dry to Rain 
22 September 2009-21 October 2009 6 - - 0.000 Not sampled 
22 October 2009-21 November 2009 7 1 122 0.820 Rain 
22 November 2009-21 December 2009 8 4 150 2.667 Rain 
22 December 2009-21 January 2010 9 12 161 7.453 Rain 
22 January 2010-21 February 2010 10 9 141 6.383 Rain 
22 February 2010-27 March 2010 11 4 120 3.333 Rain 
 
 
 
Note: Month 1 (Apr-May '09), Month 2 (May-Jun '09), Month 3 (Jun-Jul '09), Month 4 (Jul-Ags '09), Month 5 (Ags-Sep 
'09), Month 6 (Sep-Oct ‘09), Month 7 (Oct-Nov ‘09), Month 8 (Nov-Dec ‘10), Month 9 (Dec-Jan ‘10), Month 10 
(Jan-Feb ’10), Month 11 (Feb-Mar ’10) 
 
Figure 1. Percentage of HPAI Infected Batches in PCFs by Month  
 
Figure 1 shows that in the rainy season of 2009 - 2010 (month 7 to month 11) (Badan Metereologi 
Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2010) the total number of HPAI infected batches is higher than in the dry 
season of 2009 (Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2009) (month 1 to month 5). This finding is 
consistent with a report from Bandung district LDCC which states that HPAI cases are high in the rainy 
season and low in the dry season (Local Disease Control Centre Bandung District, 2008). A spike in HPAI 
detection was seen during the change of the seasons, in month 1 and month 5 (Badan Metereologi 
Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2009). Similar findings were also reported by the Emergency Preparedness 
System (EMPRESS) from Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). Reports from the Participatory Disease 
Response and Surveillance (PDSR) in Indonesia indicated that HPAI cases in surveyed areas reach its 
peak in the rainy season (EMPRES/FAO-GLEWS, 2010). Statistical testing of HPAI batches detected in 
the study using an Independent t-test did not find any significant difference between the dry and rainy 
season (p value=0,087). 
 
Conclusion 
The study concludes that the total number of HPAI infected batches was higher in the rainy season 
compared to the dry season, even though it is not statistically different, and HPAI incidence spikes during 
the change of seasons. 
 
Reference 
 
Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2009. Informasi Hujan tahun 2009. 2009-2010. Badan 
Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika. 
Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2010. Prakiraan Curah Hujan bulan Januari, Pebruari dan 
Maret 2010. Monthly. Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika,. 
EMPRES/FAO-GLEWS, 2010. H5N1 HPAI Global Overview-March 2010 Issue No 21.  FAO, Rome, p. 5. 
Harvell, C.D., Mitchell, C.E., Ward, J.R., Altizer, S., Dobson, A.P., Ostfeld, R.S., Samuel, M.D., 2002. 
Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296, 2158. 
Local Disease Control Centre Bandung District, 2008. The number of reported positive AI Rapid Tests in 
the LDCC district Bandung in 2007-2008., Bandung. 
 
 


Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota.

Informasi Hujan tahun

Local Disease Control Centre Bandung District,

Prakiraan Curah Hujan bulan Januari, Pebruari dan Maret 2010. Monthly. Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika,.

Seasonal impact on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) cases in chickens coming to poultry collecting facilities (PCFS) in Jakarta

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Seasonal impact on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) cases in chickens coming to poultry collecting facilities (PCFS) in Jakarta

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